Abnormalities in Oxygen Sensing Define Early and Late Onset Preeclampsia as Distinct Pathologies

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of preeclampsia, a serious pregnancy disorder, is still elusive and its treatment empirical. Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1) is crucial for placental development and early detection of aberrant regulatory mechanisms of HIF-1 could impact on the diagnosis and management of preeclampsia. HIF-1α stability is controlled by O(2)-sensing enzymes including prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs), Factor Inhibiting HIF (FIH), and E3 ligases Seven In Absentia Homologues (SIAHs). Here we investigated early- (E-PE) and late-onset (L-PE) human preeclamptic placentae and their ability to sense changes in oxygen tension occurring during normal placental development. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Expression of PHD2, FIH and SIAHs were significantly down-regulated in E-PE compared to control and L-PE placentae, while HIF-1α levels were increased. PHD3 expression was increased due to decreased FIH levels as demonstrated by siRNA FIH knockdown experiments in trophoblastic JEG-3 cells. E-PE tissues had markedly diminished HIF-1α hydroxylation at proline residues 402 and 564 as assessed with monoclonal antibodies raised against hydroxylated HIF-1α P402 or P564, suggesting regulation by PHD2 and not PHD3. Culturing villous explants under varying oxygen tensions revealed that E-PE, but not L-PE, placentae were unable to regulate HIF-1α levels because PHD2, FIH and SIAHs did not sense a hypoxic environment. CONCLUSION: Disruption of oxygen sensing in E-PE vs. L-PE and control placentae is the first molecular evidence of the existence of two distinct preeclamptic diseases and the unique molecular O(2)-sensing signature of E-PE placentae may be of diagnostic value when assessing high risk pregnancies and their severity

Functional integrity of nuclear factor kB, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling allows tumor necrosis factor ?-evoked Bcl-2 expression to provoke internal ribosome entry site-dependent translation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1?

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, a heterodimeric transcription factor composed of HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta subunits coordinates pathophysiologic responses toward decreased oxygen availability. It is now appreciated that enhanced protein translation of HIF-1alpha under normoxia accounts for an alternative regulatory circuit to activate HIF-1 by hormones, growth factors, or cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Here, we aimed at understanding molecular details of HIF-1alpha translation in response to TNF-alpha. In tubular LLC-PK(1) cells, activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) by TNF-alpha resulted in HIF-1alpha protein synthesis as determined by [(35)S]methionine pulse experiments. Protein synthesis was attenuated by blocking NFkappaB, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3k), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Use of a dicistronic reporter with the HIF-1alpha 5'-untranslated region (5'UTR) between two coding regions indicated that TNF-alpha promoted an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) rather than a cap-dependent translation. IRES-mediated translation required the functional integrity of the NFkappaB, PI3k, and MAPK signaling pathways. Although no signal cross-talk was noticed between NFkappaB, PI3k, and MAPK signaling, these pathways are needed to up-regulate the anti-apoptotic target protein Bcl-2 by TNF-alpha. Expression of Bcl-2 provoked not only IRES-dependent translation but also HIF-1alpha protein synthesis. We conclude that Bcl-2 functions as an important determinant in facilitating HIF-1alpha protein expression by TNF-alpha via an IRES-dependent translational mechanism. These observations suggest a link between Bcl-2 and HIF-1alpha expression, a situation with potential relevance to cancer biology