Inhibition of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signal Transduction Prevents the Medial Vascular Calcification Associated with Matrix Gla Protein Deficiency

Objective: Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is reported to inhibit bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signal transduction. MGP deficiency is associated with medial calcification of the arterial wall, in a process that involves both osteogenic transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and mesenchymal transition of endothelial cells (EndMT). In this study, we investigated the contribution of BMP signal transduction to the medial calcification that develops in MGP-deficient mice. Approach and Results MGP-deficient mice (MGP-/-) were treated with one of two BMP signaling inhibitors, LDN-193189 or ALK3-Fc, beginning one day after birth. Aortic calcification was assessed in 28-day-old mice by measuring the uptake of a fluorescent bisphosphonate probe and by staining tissue sections with Alizarin red. Aortic calcification was 80% less in MGP-/- mice treated with LDN-193189 or ALK3-Fc compared with vehicle-treated control animals (P<0.001 for both). LDN-193189-treated MGP-/- mice survived longer than vehicle-treated MGP-/- mice. Levels of phosphorylated Smad1/5 and Id1 mRNA (markers of BMP signaling) did not differ in the aortas from MGP-/- and wild-type mice. Markers of EndMT and osteogenesis were increased in MGP-/- aortas, an effect that was prevented by LDN-193189. Calcification of isolated VSMCs was also inhibited by LDN-193189. Conclusions: Inhibition of BMP signaling leads to reduced vascular calcification and improved survival in MGP-/- mice. The EndMT and osteogenic transdifferentiation associated with MGP deficiency is dependent upon BMP signaling. These results suggest that BMP signal transduction has critical roles in the development of vascular calcification in MGP-deficient mice

Progesterone and HMOX-1 promote fetal growth by CD8(+) T cell modulation

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affects up to 10% of pregnancies in Western societies. IUGR is a strong predictor of reduced short-term neonatal survival and impairs long-term health in children. Placental insufficiency is often associated with IUGR; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of placental insufficiency and IUGR are largely unknown. Here, we developed a mouse model of fetal-growth restriction and placental insufficiency that is induced by a midgestational stress challenge. Compared with control animals, pregnant dams subjected to gestational stress exhibited reduced progesterone levels and placental heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1) expression and increased methylation at distinct regions of the placental Hmox1 promoter. These stress-triggered changes were accompanied by an altered CD8(+) T cell response, as evidenced by a reduction of tolerogenic CD8(+)CD122(+) T cells and an increase of cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells. Using progesterone receptor- or Hmox1-deficient mice, we identified progesterone as an upstream modulator of placental Hmox1 expression. Supplementation of progesterone or depletion of CD8(+) T cells revealed that progesterone suppresses CD8(+) T cell cytotoxicity, whereas the generation of CD8(+)CD122(+) T cells is supported by Hmox1 and ameliorates fetal-growth restriction in Hmox1 deficiency. These observations in mice could promote the identification of pregnancies at risk for IUGR and the generation of clinical interventional strategies

The Role of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Abstract Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects over 30% of adults in the United States. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is known to contribute to hepatic fibrosis, but the role of BMP signaling in the development of NAFLD is unclear. In this study, treatment with either of two BMP inhibitors reduced hepatic triglyceride content in diabetic (db/db) mice. BMP inhibitor-induced decrease in hepatic triglyceride levels was associated with decreased mRNA encoding Dgat2, an enzyme integral to triglyceride synthesis. Treatment of hepatoma cells with BMP2 induced DGAT2 expression and activity via intracellular SMAD signaling. In humans we identified a rare missense single nucleotide polymorphism in the BMP type 1 receptor ALK6 (rs34970181;R371Q) associated with a 2.1-fold increase in the prevalence of NAFLD. In vitro analyses revealed R371Q:ALK6 is a previously unknown constitutively active receptor. These data show that BMP signaling is an important determinant of NAFLD in a murine model and is associated with NAFLD in humans

Vascular calcification associated with MGP deficiency occurs in the absence of vascular inflammation.

<p>(<b>A</b>) At 27 days of age, OsteoSense-680 and Prosense-750 were injected via the tail vein of wild-type (WT) and MGP^-/- mice. Aortas were harvested 24 hours later and imaged. Although aortas from MGP^-/- mice exhibited extensive vascular calcification, this calcification was not associated with increased macrophage activity. (<b>B</b>) Aortas were harvested from WT and MGP^-/- mice at 28 days of age, sectioned, and stained for macrophages with an antibody directed towards MAC-2. Aortas from LDLR^-/- mice on a high fat diet were used as a positive control. Nuclei were stained with DAPI. Similar to WT mice, macrophages were not detected by immunohistochemistry in the aortas of MGP^-/- mice.</p

BMP signaling is required for the increased aortic expression of osteogenic markers associated with MGP deficiency.

<p>RNA was isolated from aortas of WT and MGP^-/- mice at 1, 7, 14, and 28 days of age and from LDN-193189-treated MGP^-/- mice at 7, 14, and 28 days of age (n = 4–11 in each group, as indicated). Expression of genes encoding Runx2 and osteopontin (OPN) was measured. MGP^-/- mice had increased levels of aortic Runx2 and OPN mRNA compared to WT mice. Treatment of MGP^-/- mice with LDN-193189 reduced aortic Runx2 and OPN mRNA levels. * P<0.001 compared to WT mice of same age. # P<0.05 compared to age-matched MGP^-/- mice treated with vehicle.</p

MGP deficiency does not alter basal BMP signaling or responsiveness to BMP-2 in VSMCs.

<p>(<b>A</b>) VSMCs were isolated from the aortas of wild-type and MGP^-/- mice. VSMCs were treated without or with recombinant human BMP-2 (for 2 hours at the indicated doses). Groups were compared using a 2-way ANOVA. Both WT and MGP^-/- VSMCs exhibited similar Id1 mRNA levels, both at baseline and in response to exogenous BMP-2. (<b>B</b>) Cultured aortic VSMCs from wild-type mice were transfected with either scrambled siRNA (siSC) or siRNA targeting MGP (siMGP) at 20 nM. RNA was isolated from cells after 4 days. siMGP decreased MGP mRNA levels in WT VSMCs by >95% compared with siSC-treated cells. However, depletion of MGP in WT VSMCs did not alter Id1 mRNA levels. **P<0.0001 compared to siSC-treated VSMCs. (<b>C</b>) VSMCs isolated from wild-type mice were treated with 20 nM of either scrambled siRNA (siSC) or siRNA specific for MGP (siMGP). Cells were incubated with or without BMP-2 (20 ng/mL) for 1 h prior to protein harvest. Western blots were probed with antibodies specific for phosphorylated Smad 1/5 (P-Smad 1/5) and total Smad 1. Depletion of MGP in WT VSMCs did not alter the ratio of P-Smad 1/5 levels to total Smad 1 levels, both at baseline and in response to exogenous BMP-2.</p

Aortic expression of VSMC markers in wild-type and MGP^-/- mice.

<p>RNA was isolated from aortas of WT and MGP^-/- mice and from LDN-193189-treated MGP^-/- mice at 7 and 14 days of age (n = 4–8 in each group). Levels of mRNAs encoding myocardin, α smooth muscle actin (SMA), transgelin, and calponin are depicted. The aortas of 14-day-old MGP^-/- mice have decreased expression of VSMC markers compared to WT mice. Treatment with LDN-193189 did not restore the expression of VSMC markers to WT levels. # P<0.05 compared to 7-day-old MGP^-/- mice.</p

BMP signaling is not increased in aortas of MGP^-/- mice.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Protein lysates were isolated from the aortas of 7-, 14-, and 28-day-old WT and MGP^-/- mice. Each lane represents protein isolated from four pooled aortas. PVDF membranes were incubated with antibodies directed against phosphorylated Smad 1/5 (P-Smad 1/5) and total Smad 1. The ratio of P-Smad 1/5 to total Smad 1 was the same in aortas derived from WT and MGP^-/- mice. (<b>B</b>) RNA was isolated from aortas of WT and MGP^-/- mice at 1, 7, 14, and 28 days of (n = 6–8 in each group, as indicated). No difference in aortic Id1 mRNA levels was observed between MGP^-/- and WT mice.</p