Ecological Invasion, Roughened Fronts, and a Competitor's Extreme Advance: Integrating Stochastic Spatial-Growth Models

Both community ecology and conservation biology seek further understanding of factors governing the advance of an invasive species. We model biological invasion as an individual-based, stochastic process on a two-dimensional landscape. An ecologically superior invader and a resident species compete for space preemptively. Our general model includes the basic contact process and a variant of the Eden model as special cases. We employ the concept of a "roughened" front to quantify effects of discreteness and stochasticity on invasion; we emphasize the probability distribution of the front-runner's relative position. That is, we analyze the location of the most advanced invader as the extreme deviation about the front's mean position. We find that a class of models with different assumptions about neighborhood interactions exhibit universal characteristics. That is, key features of the invasion dynamics span a class of models, independently of locally detailed demographic rules. Our results integrate theories of invasive spatial growth and generate novel hypotheses linking habitat or landscape size (length of the invading front) to invasion velocity, and to the relative position of the most advanced invader.Comment: The original publication is available at www.springerlink.com/content/8528v8563r7u2742

Quantification of chemical and physical processes influencing ozone during long-range transport using a trajectory ensemble

During long-range transport, many distinct processes – including photochemistry, deposition, emissions and mixing – contribute to the transformation of air mass composition. Partitioning the effects of different processes can be useful when considering the sensitivity of chemical transformation to, for example, a changing environment or anthropogenic influence. However, transformation is not observed directly, since mixing ratios are measured, and models must be used to relate changes to processes. Here, four cases from the ITCT-Lagrangian 2004 experiment are studied. In each case, aircraft intercepted a distinct air mass several times during transport over the North Atlantic, providing a unique dataset and quantifying the net changes in composition from all processes. A new framework is presented to deconstruct the change in O3 mixing ratio (Δ O3) into its component processes, which were not measured directly, taking into account the uncertainty in measurements, initial air mass variability and its time evolution. The results show that the net chemical processing (Δ O3chem) over the whole simulation is greater than net physical processing (Δ O3phys) in all cases. This is in part explained by cancellation effects associated with mixing. In contrast, each case is in a regime of either net photochemical destruction (lower tropospheric transport) or production (an upper tropospheric biomass burning case). However, physical processes influence O3 indirectly through addition or removal of precursor gases, so that changes to physical parameters in a model can have a larger effect on Δ O3chem than Δ O3phys. Despite its smaller magnitude, the physical processing distinguishes the lower tropospheric export cases, since the net photochemical O3 change is −5 ppbv per day in all three cases. Processing is quantified using a Lagrangian photochemical model with a novel method for simulating mixing through an ensemble of trajectories and a background profile that evolves with them. The model is able to simulate the magnitude and variability of the observations (of O3, CO, NOy and some hydrocarbons) and is consistent with the time-average OH following air-masses inferred from hydrocarbon measurements alone (by Arnold et al., 2007). Therefore, it is a useful new method to simulate air mass evolution and variability, and its sensitivity to process parameters

Efeito do manejo de plantas daninhas no desenvolvimento inicial de Pinus taeda em várzeas na Argentina Effect of weed management on the initial development of Pinus taeda in low flatlands of Argentina

Realizou-se um estudo sobre o efeito de cobertura e períodos de manejo de plantas daninhas em plantios no ano de 1999 de Pinus taeda, localizados na Província de Corrientes, Argentina. Em razão das características da área, várzeas, foram construídos camalhões de 1,80 m de largura por 0,60 m de altura para o plantio das mudas e, a seguir, instaladas parcelas com três fileiras de 12 plantas em cada uma no espaçamento de 1,75 m entre as mudas e 4,0 m entre o centro dos camalhões. Foram medidas somente as 10 plantas do camalhão central, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes modalidades e intensidades de manejo de plantas daninhas na sobrevivência (%), no desenvolvimento inicial em altura (cm), no diâmetro do colo (cm) e no fator de produtividade (cm³) das mudas de Pinus taeda. Avaliaram-se as modalidades de controle: controle químico na linha do plantio (camalhão) e controle químico em área total sendo avaliados por dois períodos: um ano e dois anos de controle, tendo ainda uma testemunha, sem nenhum controle. O delineamento estatístico do experimento foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Diferenças significativas foram obtidas entre os tratamentos de controle químico em relação ao sem controle. Os resultados levaram à conclusão de que é benéfico o controle por dois períodos e que não houve diferença quanto às modalidades de controle (camalhão e área total). As mudas de Pinus taeda foram submetidas ao teste de Tukey para analise da sobrevivência e não apresentaram diferença significativa a 5% de probabilidade de erro nas médias.<br>A study on the effect of vegetation cover and weed management periods on plantings of Pinus taeda was carried out in the Province of Corrientes, Argentina, in 1999. Due to the area characteristics, low flatlands, 1.80 m wide x 0.60 m high ridges were built for seedling planting. Following, plots with 3 rows of 12 plants each, at the spacing of 1.75 m between plants and 4 m between the center of the ridges, were installed. Only 10 plants in the central ridge were measured in order to evaluate the different methods and intensity of weed management in survival rate (%), initial height development (cm), stem diameter (cm) and seedling yield (cm³) of Pinus taeda. The following control methods were evaluated: chemical control in the planting area (ridge) and chemical control in the whole area were evaluated twice: one and two years of chemical control, with control treatment and without control treatment. The experimental design was completely randomized with three repetitions. Significant differences were found between the chemical control treatments compared to the treatment without control. The results showed that the chemical control during 2 periods is beneficial, and no differences between control methods (ridge and total area) were found. Survival data of Pinus taeda seedlings were examined by the Tukey's test and showed no significant differences between the means at 5% probability