Correlations between Galectin-3 expression and chemotherapeutic resistance in breast cancers (n = 135).

<p>CR: complete response; PR: partial response; SD: stable disease; PD: progressive disease.</p><p>Correlations between Galectin-3 expression and chemotherapeutic resistance in breast cancers (n = 135).</p

The protein level of galectin-3 was reduced after shRNA treatment.

<p>Three independent shRNAs against galectin-3 were used to construct stable cell lines.</p

Cell viability was reduced by combined galectin-3 knockdown and ATO treatment.

<p>Cell viability was reduced by combined galectin-3 knockdown and ATO treatment.</p

Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that galectin-3 was located in the cytoplasm and membrane of breast cancer cells (A). Galectin-3 protein is expressed at a significantly higher level in breast cancer tissues compared to paracancerous tissue (B).

<p>Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that galectin-3 was located in the cytoplasm and membrane of breast cancer cells (A). Galectin-3 protein is expressed at a significantly higher level in breast cancer tissues compared to paracancerous tissue (B).</p

Galectin-3 knockdown sensitized MDA-MB-231 cells to ATO-induced apoptosis.

<p>Cells were labeled with annexin V (x-axis) and PI (y-axis), and apoptosis was analyzed using a flow cytometer.</p

Multivariate analysis of the factors related to post-operative distant metastasis.

<p>CI = confidence interval.</p><p>Multivariate analysis of the factors related to post-operative distant metastasis.</p

ATO treatment (2.5 µM) induces limited apoptosis in breast cancer cells.

<p>Untreated cells (top panel) and cells treated with ATO (bottom panel) were then analyzed by staining with PI and annexin V, followed by flow cytometry. The proportion of cells in apoptosis is shown in the figure.</p

Galectin-3 expression and clinicopathological features (n = 1187).

<p>DCIS = ductal carcinoma in situ, IDC = invasive ductal carcinoma.</p><p>χ²-test was used to assess the relationships between tumor marker and other parameters.</p><p>P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p><p>Galectin-3 expression and clinicopathological features (n = 1187).</p

ATO treatment (2.5 µM) significantly increased endogenous galectin-3 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells.

<p>Cells were treated with ATO and anti-galectin-3 antibody (1∶1000) was used to detect endogenous galectin-3 proteins. GAPDH was used as loading control. The results shown are the mean of at least 3 independent experiments. *P<0.01.</p

The expression status of α_vβ₃ and CD13 and the cytotoxic activity of CDAK in cell lines.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Western-blot analyzed the protein expression of α_vβ₃ and CD13 in the four cell lines, <i>Lane 1–4</i>, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, HFF and HUVEC. The expression levels were analyzed by the ratio of optical density with β-actin. <i>P</i> = 0.005 (ANOVA asay) (<b>B</b>) The four cell lines were cultured with CRLK (200 µg/ml) and various concentrations of CDAK (10–200 µg/ml) for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. The cytotoxic activity was assessed using MTT. CDAK had significant cytotoxicity for MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231cells, <i>P</i><0.01 (ANOVA asay). Data are presented by means ± SD (bar) from triplicate determinations. *<i>P</i><0.05 versus control.</p