Trends and patterns of antiseizure medication prescribing during pregnancy between 1995 and 2018 in the United Kingdom: A cohort study

OBJECTIVE: To examine antiseizure medication (ASM) prescription during pregnancy. DESIGN: Population-based drug utilisation study. SETTING: UK primary and secondary care data, 1995-2018, from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD version. POPULATION OR SAMPLE: 752 112 completed pregnancies among women registered for a minimum of 12 months with an 'up to standard' general practice prior to the estimated start of pregnancy and for the duration of their pregnancy. METHODS: We described ASM prescription across the study period, overall and by ASM indication, examined patterns of prescription during pregnancy including continuous prescription and discontinuation, and used logistic regression to investigate factors associated with those ASM prescription patterns. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prescription of ASMs during pregnancy and discontinuation of ASMs before and during pregnancy. RESULTS: ASM prescription during pregnancy increased from 0.6% of pregnancies in 1995 to 1.6% in 2018, driven largely by an increase in women with indications other than epilepsy. Epilepsy was an indication for 62.5% of pregnancies with an ASM prescription and non-epilepsy indications were present for 66.6%. Continuous prescription of ASMs during pregnancy was more common in women with epilepsy (64.3%) than in women with other indications (25.3%). Switching ASMs was infrequent (0.8% of ASM users). Factors associated with discontinuation included age ≥35, higher social deprivation, more frequent contact with the GP and being prescribed antidepressants or antipsychotics. CONCLUSIONS: ASM prescription during pregnancy increased between 1995 and 2018 in the UK. Patterns of prescription around the pregnancy period vary by indication and are associated with several maternal characteristics

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Risk Factor-Based Lung Cancer Screening Program by Low-Dose Computer Tomography in Current Smokers in China

Although the effectiveness of lung cancer screening by low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) could be shown in China, there could be variation in the evidence concerning the economic impact. Our study explores the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening and optimizes the best definition of a high-risk population. A Markov model consisting of the natural history and post-diagnosis states was constructed to estimate the costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) of LDCT screening compared with no screening. A total of 36 distinct risk factor-based screening strategies were assessed by incorporating starting ages of 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 and 65 years, stopping ages of 69, 74 and 79 years as well as smoking eligibility criteria. Screening data came from community-based mass screening with LDCT for lung cancer in Guangzhou. Compared with no screening, all screening scenarios led to incremental costs and QALYs. When the willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold was USD37,653, three times the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in China, six of nine strategies on the efficiency frontier may be cost-effective. Annual screening between 55 and 79 years of age for those who smoked more than 20 pack-years, which yielded an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of USD35,000.00 per QALY gained, was considered optimal. In sensitivity analyses, the result was stable in most cases. The trends of the results are roughly the same in scenario analyses. According to the WTP threshold of different regions, the optimal screening strategies were annual screening for those who smoked more than 20 pack-years, between 50 and 79 years of age in Zhejiang province, 55–79 years in Guangdong province and 65–74 years in Yunnan province. However, annual screening was unlikely to be cost-effective in Heilongjiang province under our modelling assumptions, indicating that tailored screening policies should be made regionally according to the local epidemiological and economic situation

Cellular dynamics in tumour microenvironment along with lung cancer progression underscore spatial and evolutionary heterogeneity of neutrophil

Abstract Background The cellular dynamics in the tumour microenvironment (TME) along with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression remain unclear. Methods Multiplex immunofluorescence test detecting 10 immune‐related markers on 553 primary tumour (PT) samples of NSCLC was conducted and spatial information in TME was assessed by the StarDist depth learning model. The single‐cell transcriptomic atlas of PT (n = 4) and paired tumour‐draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) (n = 5 for tumour‐invaded, n = 3 for tumour‐free) microenvironment was profiled. Various bioinformatics analyses based on Gene Expression Omnibus, TCGA and Array‐Express databases were also used to validate the discoveries. Results Spatial distances of CD4+ T cells–CD38+ T cells, CD4+ T cells–neutrophils and CD38+ T cells–neutrophils prolonged and they were replaced by CD163+ macrophages in PT along with tumour progression. Neutrophils showed unique stage and location‐dependent prognostic effects. A high abundance of stromal neutrophils improved disease‐free survival in the early‐stage, whereas high intratumoural neutrophil infiltrates predicted poor prognosis in the mid‐to‐late‐stage. Significant molecular and functional reprogramming in PT and TDLN microenvironments was observed. Diverse interaction networks mediated by neutrophils were found between positive and negative TDLNs. Five phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous subtypes of tumour‐associated neutrophil (TAN) were further identified by pseudotime analysis, including TAN‐0 with antigen‐presenting function, TAN‐1 with strong expression of interferon (IFN)‐stimulated genes, the pro‐tumour TAN‐2 subcluster, the classical subset (TAN‐3) and the pro‐inflammatory subtype (TAN‐4). Loss of IFN‐stimulated signature and growing angiogenesis activity were discovered along the transitional trajectory. Eventually, a robust six neutrophil differentiation relevant genes‐based model was established, showing that low‐risk patients had longer overall survival time and may respond better to immunotherapy. Conclusions The cellular composition, spatial location, molecular and functional changes in PT and TDLN microenvironments along with NSCLC progression were deciphered, highlighting the immunoregulatory roles and evolutionary heterogeneity of TANs

Intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) maturation is influenced by draining lymph nodes of lung cancer

Background Tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) is an organized infiltration of immune cells, showing features of germinal center (GC) commonly seen in secondary lymphoid organs. However, its relationship with tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) has not been studied and we hypothesized that TDLN may influence maturation of intratumoral TLS in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methods Tissue slides of 616 patients that had undergone surgeries were examined. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to assess risk factors of patients’ survival, and logistic regression model was used for their relationship with TLS. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) was employed to explore transcriptomic features of TDLNs. Immunohistochemistry, multiplex immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were performed to analyze cellular composition. Cellular components of NSCLC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas database were inferred with Microenvironment Cell Populations-counter (MCP-counter) method. Murine NSCLC models were used to dissect underlying mechanisms for relationship between TDLN and TLS maturation.Results While GC+ TLS was associated with better prognosis, GC− TLS was not. TDLN metastasis reduced the prognostic relevance of TLS, and was associated with less GC formation. Primary tumor sites showed reduced B cell infiltration in TDLN-positive patients, and scRNA-seq revealed diminished memory B cell formation in tumor-invaded TDLNs, together with an emphasis on weakened interferon (IFN)-γ response. Murine NSCLC models revealed that IFN-γ signaling is involved in memory B cell differentiation in TDLNs and GC formation in primary tumors.Conclusions Our research emphasizes the influence of TDLN on intratumoral TLS maturation and suggests a role of memory B cells and IFN-γ signaling in this communication

First-trimester use of antiseizure medications and the risk of miscarriage: a population-based cohort study

Background Antiseizure medications (ASMs) during the first trimester of pregnancy have been associated with an increased risk of miscarriage.Methods We carried out a population-based cohort study using routinely collected healthcare data from the UK, 1995–2018. Pregnancies were identified in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink and we estimated the HR of miscarriage associated with prescriptions of ASMs during the first trimester of pregnancy, using Cox regression, adjusting for potential confounders, including ASM indications.Results ASMs were prescribed during the first trimester in 7832 (0.8%) of 1 023 787 included pregnancies. 14.5% of pregnancies with first-trimester exposure to ASMs ended in miscarriage, while 12.2% without ASM exposure in the first trimester ended in miscarriage; after adjustment, there was a 1.06-fold relative hazard of miscarriage (95% CI 1.00 to 1.13) in women with first-trimester ASM use. After restricting to women with specific ASM indications, this association was not evident in women with epilepsy (adjusted HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.08), but was observed in women with bipolar or other psychiatric conditions (1.08, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.16) although CIs overlapped. Compared with discontinuation of ASMs prior to pregnancy, there was no evidence of increased risk of miscarriage for first-trimester ASM use in women with bipolar or other psychiatric conditions (1.02, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.20).Conclusion We found no clear evidence to suggest that first-trimester ASM use increased the risk of miscarriage. Taken together, our analyses suggest that apparent associations between first-trimester ASM use and miscarriage may be the result of confounding by the presence of a bipolar disorder or associated unmeasured variables

The impact of adjuvant EGFR-TKIs and 14-gene molecular assay on stage I non–small cell lung cancer with sensitive EGFR mutationsResearch in context

Summary: Background: Currently, the role of EGFR-TKIs as adjuvant therapy for stage I, especially IA NSCLC, after surgical resection remains unclear. We aimed to compare the effect of adjuvant EGFR-TKIs with observation in such patients by incorporating an established 14-gene molecular assay for risk stratification. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Study ID: ChNCRCRD-2022-GZ01). From March 2013 to February 2019, completely resected stage I NSCLC (8th TNM staging) patients with sensitive EGFR mutation were included. Patients with eligible samples for molecular risk stratification were subjected to the 14-gene prognostic assay. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was employed to minimize imbalances in baseline characteristics. Findings: A total of 227 stage I NSCLC patients were enrolled, with 55 in EGFR-TKI group and 172 in the observation group. The median duration of follow-up was 78.4 months. After IPTW, the 5-year DFS (HR = 0.30, 95% CI, 0.14–0.67; P = 0.003) and OS (HR = 0.26, 95% CI, 0.07–0.96; P = 0.044) of the EGFR-TKI group were significantly better than the observation group. For subgroup analyses, adjuvant EGFR-TKIs were associated with favorable 5-year DFS rates in both IA (100.0% vs. 84.5%; P = 0.007), and IB group (98.8% vs. 75.3%; P = 0.008). The 14-gene assay was performed in 180 patients. Among intermediate-high-risk patients, EGFR-TKIs were associated with a significant improvement in 5-year DFS rates compared to observation (96.0% vs. 70.5%; P = 0.012), while no difference was found in low-risk patients (100.0% vs. 94.9%; P = 0.360). Interpretation: Our study suggested that adjuvant EGFR-TKI might improve DFS and OS of stage IA and IB EGFR-mutated NSCLC, and the 14-gene molecular assay could help patients that would benefit the most from treatment. Funding: This work was supported by China National Science Foundation (82022048, 82373121)

Psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy:Population co-occurrence, genetic correlations and causal effects

Background Psychiatric comorbidities are common in patients with epilepsy. Reasons for the co-occurrence of psychiatric conditions and epilepsy remain poorly understood. Aim We aimed to triangulate the relationship between epilepsy and psychiatric conditions to determine the extent and possible origins of these conditions. Methods Using nationwide Swedish health registries, we quantified the lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with epilepsy. We then used summary data from genome-wide association studies to investigate whether the identified observational associations could be attributed to a shared underlying genetic aetiology using cross-trait linkage disequilibrium score regression. Finally, we assessed the potential bidirectional relationships using two-sample Mendelian randomisation. Results In a cohort of 7 628 495 individuals, we found that almost half of the 94 435 individuals diagnosed with epilepsy were also diagnosed with a psychiatric condition in their lifetime (adjusted lifetime prevalence, 44.09%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 43.78% to 44.39%). We found evidence for a genetic correlation between epilepsy and some neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions. For example, we observed a genetic correlation between epilepsy and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (rg =0.18, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.27, p<0.001)—a correlation that was more pronounced in focal epilepsy (rg =0.23, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.36, p<0.001). Findings from Mendelian randomisation using common genetic variants did not support bidirectional effects between epilepsy and neurodevelopmental or psychiatric conditions. Conclusions Psychiatric comorbidities are common in patients with epilepsy. Genetic correlations may partially explain some comorbidities; however, there is little evidence of a bidirectional relationship between the genetic liability of epilepsy and psychiatric conditions. These findings highlight the need to understand the role of environmental factors or rare genetic variations in the origins of psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy

Placental morphology in association with autism-related traits in the EARLI study

BackgroundIn prior work we observed differences in morphology features in placentas from an autism-enriched cohort as compared to those from a general population sample. Here we sought to examine whether these differences associate with ASD-related outcomes in the child.MethodsParticipants (n = 101) were drawn from the Early Autism Risk Longitudinal Investigation (EARLI), a cohort following younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). ASD-related outcomes, including the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) Early Learning Composite, and ASD diagnosis, were assessed at age 3. Crude and adjusted linear regression was used to examine associations between placental morphological features (parametrized continuously and in quartiles) and SRS and MSEL scores; comparisons by ASD case status were explored as secondary analyses due to the small number of cases (n = 20).ResultsIn adjusted analyses, we observed a modest positive association between umbilical cord eccentricity, defined as the ratio of the maximum:minimum radius from the cord insertion point, and SRS scores (Beta = 1.68, 95%CI = 0.45, 2.9). Positive associations were also suggested between placental maximum thickness and cord centrality and SRS scores, though these were estimated with little precision. Associations between other placental morphological features and outcomes were not observed.ConclusionsOur analyses suggested a potential association between umbilical cord features and ASD-related traits, of interest as non-central cord insertion may reflect reduced placenta efficiency. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to further examine these and other placental features in association with ASD-related outcomes