The effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on ghrelin expression in rat testis: biochemical and immunohistochemical study

Introduction. Ghrelin is a hormone which has effects on the secretion of growth hormone, gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, cell proliferation and reproductive system. The present study we focused on the relation between ghrelin and GHS-R1a gene expression and the regulation of their expression in the testes of diabetic rats. Material and methods. 40 male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: control, and sampled 4, 8 and 12 weeks after induction of diabetes by streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneal injection (40 mg/kg). The rats were decapitated under ketamine anesthesia and their testes were removed. Blood was obtained from heart and serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone levels were measured by ELISA. Tissue ghrelin and GHS-R mRNA levels were determined by qRT-PCR, while ghrelin protein expression was studied by immunohistochemistry. Histopathological damage scores were also assessed. Results. Eight weeks after diabetes induction serum FSH level was increased, whereas LH and testosterone concentrations decreased. The ghrelin and GHS-R1a gene expression and ghrelin immunohistochemistry score first tended to increase after first four weeks of diabetes, and then tended to decrease. Ghrelin-immunopositive cells were detected in Leydig cells in all groups of rats, however, not in the germinal epithelium. Congestion of vessels and hemorrhage, formation of the vacuoles in spermatogonia and spermatocytes, desquamation of spermatids in the lumen and disorganization of seminiferous tubule germinal epithelium were observed in testis of all the diabetic rats. In addition, mean testicular biopsy score and mean seminiferous tubule diameter were getting lower in diabetic animals. Conclusion. Our results suggest that diabetes affects ghrelin expression in rat testis.

Solid-phase extraction of some food dyes on sea sponge column and determination by UV-vis spectrophotometer

Preconcentration methods are widely used before the determination of analytes, which have low concentration values in the samples. One group of these analytes which need to be preconcentrated before determination is food dyes. This work was aimed to develop a new method to determine Ponceau 4R and Sudan Orange G dyes by using a column filled with sea sponge, as solid-phase. Sea sponge is firstly used in this work for the preconcentration of the food dyes. The method is applied to various food samples after optimizing analytical parameters such as HCl concentration, eluent type, sample volume, flow rates of solutions, and matrix effects. The detection limits based on three times the standard deviations for the blanks were found in the range of 0.002g/L and 1.9x10(-4)g/L for Ponceau 4R and Sudan Orange G dyes, respectively. Calibration standards were prepared in the ranges of 8.5x10(-7)-8.5x10(-5)mol/L and 2.34x10(-5)-2.34x10(-3)mol/L for Ponceau 4R and Sudan Orange G dyes, respectively, and the correlation coefficient was 0.999

Evaluation of the results of patients who had undergone lateral internal sphincterotomy due to chronic anal fissure: analysis of 281 cases

Introduction and purpose: Pharmacological and surgical treatment options are available for the treatment of chronic anal fissure (CAF). Pharmacological treatments include treatment modalities such as glyceryl trinitrate, calcium channel blockers and alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists. Surgical treatment options include anal dilatation and sphincterotomy, and among many sphincterotomy procedures open lateral internal sphincterotomy (open LIS) is now considered the gold standard. The aim of this study was to investigate the demographic data, complaints, early and late complications of patients who have undergone LIS due to chronic anal fissure and to contribute to the literature. Material and method: Data of 281 patients who have undergone open LIS operation between 2013-2018 due to chronic anal fissure that did not respond to conservative treatment were analyzed retrospectively. Age, gender, complaint (pain, bleeding, constipation, itching), follow-up period and postoperative complication (infection, bleeding, pain, fistula, gas or stool incontinence) data of the patients were evaluated retrospectively. Patients with gas or fecal incontinence were evaluated with Wexner incontinence score. Results: Out of 281 patients, 197 were female (70.1%), 84 were male (29.9%). Female / male ratio was 2.34. The mean age was 40.31 ± 13.59 (min 18-max 84) years. The mean follow-up period was 24.53 (min 6 - max 67) months. In 248 (88.3%) patients, pain was noted during defecation, while bleeding was noted in 208 (74%) patients, constipation was noted in 133 (47.3) patients and perianal itching was noted in 91 (32.4%) patients. In 7 (2.5%) patients, infection occurred at the site of operation. Perianal fistula was seen in one patient (0.4%), recurrence was seen in 12 (4.3%), transient gas incontinence was seen in 4 (1.8%) and fecal incontinence was seen (0.35%) in 1 patient. Seven patients who had developed infection responded to oral antibiotic treatment and none of them developed abscesses. Result: As a result, open LIS operation is an efficient and effective surgical treatment method for the treatment of CAF.</jats:p

Spectrophotometric determination of carmoisine after cloud point extraction using Triton X-114

Carmoisine (E122) is a synthetic azo dye that is generally used to give a red color to food products. In this work, a sensitive and simple method was developed for the determination of carmoisine based on cloud point extraction. To obtain the optimum conditions for the extraction efficiency of carmoisine, the effects of different analytical parameters such as H2SO4 concentration, concentration of Triton X-114, and equilibrium temperature were studied. The calibration graph was linear between 0.05 and 5.0 mu g/mL and the detection limit based on three times the standard deviation of the blank was 7.2 mu g/L. The method was applied under the optimum experimental conditions for the analysis of carmoisine in several drink samples and a medicine. The relative standard deviations of the determinations were less than 5%. The proposed method could be used as a rapid screening method for carmoisine detection in food samples

Dynamic Tests of MR (Magnetorheologic) Damper and Analysis of Response Characteristics in Semi-Active Knee Prosthesis

MR (Magnetorheologic) cylinders are often preferred to dampen the torques generated, in today's mechanical and electromechanical designs. In this study, a design containing MR cylinder was revisited, an MR current drive circuit was designed and a set of preliminary tests were performed to evaluate the dynamic behavior of the cylinder. After ensemble phase of the MR cylinder, prosthesis frame, and the current drive circuit, force-velocity (push-pull) tests were carried out at various operating speeds. Comparatively examined results showed that the reaction force increases with the increase of the current value and gave the hysteresis curves under which linear regions can be determined. Prosthetic walking was also examined in order to assess the dynamic response characteristics of the cylinders. MR and Pneumatic based prostheses were observed and quantified in terms of the responses and adaptation ability to walking phase changes. These tests and applied control strategies showed that the response time of the MR cylinder under proper current excitation is much better than pneumatic cylinder behavior

Intestinal Microbiota Composition in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Effects of Oral Antidiabetics

Introduction: The cause&ndash;effect relationships between microbiota composition changes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are complex, likely involving two-way interactions, and require further elucidation. Few studies have examined the interactions of antidiabetic drugs with the gut microbiota. This study&rsquo;s goal was to evaluate the gut microbiota of patients with type 2 diabetes at first diagnosis and again after 12 weeks of taking oral antidiabetic drugs. Methods: We performed a fecal microbiota analysis of adult patients who recently received a T2D diagnosis and healthy adults. We compared the microbiota compositions between the T2D patients and healthy controls; we also evaluated changes from baseline to 12 weeks of treatment in the total group receiving oral antidiabetics, as well as in the subgroups receiving metformin and linagliptin. Results: The alpha diversity and beta diversity indices were different at baseline between patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy controls. The LEfSe analysis showed that, at the genus level, the Lactobacillus, Rothia, Collinsella, and Eubacterium genera increased in relative abundance in the T2D group while, at the species level, the Rothia mucilaginosa, Collinsella aerofaciens, and Eubacterium bioforme strains were found to be dominant in the T2D group. Faecalibacterium at the genus level and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii at the strain level increased in relative abundance in the T2D group after 12 weeks. After 12 weeks of intervention, the alpha diversity indices were significantly lower in the T2D group compared to the control group. At the end of the 12th week, the Gemmiger and Collinsella genera were dominant in the T2D group, with Gemmiger formicilis and Collinsella aerofaciens being dominant at the species level; in the control group, Bacteroides and Alistipes were dominant at the genus level, and Prevotella stercorea and Alistipes finegoldii were dominant. There was no difference in the LEfSe analysis results between baseline and 12 weeks of linagliptin treatment. At the strain level, Gemmiger formicilis, Ruminococcus bromii, Rothia mucilaginosa, and Lactobacillus ruminis were predominant at the start of metformin treatment; however, after 12 weeks, Collinsella aerofaciens became predominant. Conclusions: We report that there is a substantial change in the composition of the gut microbiota in patients with T2D. Oral antidiabetic treatments, especially metformin, have some beneficial effects on microbiota composition. Few studies have explored the interaction of antidiabetic drugs with the gut microbiota; further research will elucidate the clinical impact of these changes in gut microbiota composition in diabetes