Geochemical composition of dust from Qatar peninsula

Atmospheric dust samples have been collected from different areas in Qatar and analyzed for major and trace element composition. This region of the Arabian Gulf represents an area largely affected by dust from natural and anthropogenic sources. Twenty one samples were collected during 2014 and 2015 from Al-Khor, Katara, Sealine, Al-Waab, and Qatar University by passive and active sampling techniques. Some bulk samples were collected during the massive megastorm that occurred in April 2015. Back trajectories were determined for each sample set using the NOAA HYSPLIT model over a 50 hour time interval. Samples were equally divided between northerly (n=12; northern Saudi Arabia, Kuwait or Iraq) and southerly (n=8; SE Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Oman) sources. One sample is expected to originate from westward, in Saudi Arabia. There is more variability noticed in source locations throughout the winter months (October to March), with more of them coming from the south (9 times) compared to summer months (April to September) for twice only. Dust samples were microwave-assisted, total acid digested (HF+HCl+HNO3) and oxidized with H2O2 before analyses were conducted by ICP-OES. Only 12 out of 23 elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn, P) of the Qatari dust samples were enriched relative to Upper Continental Crust (UCC). Calcium was especially enriched to a level of 400% relative to UCC. About 33% of the total sample mass was CaCO3, reflecting the composition of surface rocks in the source areas. Of the elements typically associated with anthropogenic activity, Ag, Ni, and Zn were the most enriched relative to UCC, with enrichment factors of 182%, 233%, and 209%, respectively. Other metals like Pb and V were not significantly enriched, with enrichment factors not exceeding 25% and 3%, respectively. Major elements (Al, Mn and Fe) were depleted relative to UCC due to the strong enrichment of CaCO3, with enrichment factors of -58%, -35% and -5%, respectively. Samples with northern and southern origins were separated to investigate if the elemental composition could be used to identify source/origin. Only three elements were observed to have a statistical difference. Pb and Na were higher in the samples collected from the south while Cr was higher in those from the north. This study aims to investigate present-day geochemistry of dust particles and its effect on the marine environment of the Arabian Gulf. The geochemical composition of dust is essential component for correcting lithogenic input to water column suspended matter samples.qscienc

Bioethanol Production from Waste and Nonsalable Date Palm (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i> L.) Fruits: Potentials and Challenges

Balancing the needs of current and future generations stimulates investment for sustainable development such as converting waste biomass into biorenewables. Sugar-based ethanol production is a well-investigated and established process, and researchers are now focusing on the transformation of cellulosic biomass to sugar and the application of non-conventional methods for ethanol production. The State of Qatar generates date palm fruit waste of approximately 4505 tons annually, excluding ornamental palms and palms outside the farms that bear nonmarketable date fruits. Date fruit molasses contains fermentable sugars, representing 75% of the total fruit mass, which can offer a good source for bioethanol production through anaerobic fermentation and distillation. On this basis, the valorization of waste date fruits can be an effective zero-waste strategy via biotransformation into bio-renewable materials, hence, contributing to the achievement of sustainable development goals. This paper reviews the potentials and challenges for the utilization of waste date fruits as a bioethanol source and assesses the abundance of waste date fruits as raw material for the conventional bioethanol conversion process. The review also identified conventional and nonconventional processes for bioethanol production and their applicability to Qatar. Finally, this confirmed ample demand for bioethanol ranging from fuel and industrial chemicals to pharmaceutical alcohol