Síndrome anual da abelha mandaçaia ( Melipona quadrifasciata ) - o papel de simbiontes, sistema imune e ambiente

Todos os anos ao final do verão, no sul do Brasil, colônias manejadas da abelha sem ferrão Melipona quadrifasciata manifestam uma síndrome que eventualmente leva-as ao colapso. Abelhas de colônias afetadas podem apresentar sintomas como tremores e paralisia, mas a principal característica da síndrome é a repentina morte de operárias, cujos corpos são encontrados em frente ou mesmo dentro da colméia. Nesta tese descrevemos nossos achados sobre as possíveis causas dessa mortalidade avaliando os diferentes níveis de complexidade de uma abelha social, desde o indivíduo e seus microrganismos associados até o nível da colônia. Mostramos que a microbiota de M. quadrifasciata é altamente variável, com grandes diferenças na composição bacteriana de abelhas de diferentes colônias. Bactérias patogênicas não foram detectadas em abelhas afetadas e o padrão na composição da microbiota não indicou uma correlação entre disbiose e a ocorrência da síndrome. Mostramos também que os sintomas observados em forrageiras doentes não são causados por vírus conhecidos como patogênicos em outras abelhas. Entretanto, novos vírus que nós identificamos no viroma da M. quadrifasciata são mais frequentemente diagnosticados em determinados meliponários durante a síndrome, e podem estar relacionados à intensidade dos sintomas e ao colapso de certas colméias. Por fim, num monitoramento temporal feito ao longo de cinco meses no verão de 2018/2019, mostramos que a síndrome foi resultado da incapacidade de expressar genes envolvidos na detoxificação de xenobióticos e resposta imune cerca de dois meses antes da síndrome, seguido da perda de peso das forrageiras, troca nos recursos polínicos utilizados e perda da capacidade de controle do clima interno da colônia. Além da divulgação e discussão no meio científico, elaboramos também, com base nestas investigações, um guia com recomendações de manejo aos meliponicultores que, se aplicadas, podem contribuir para a prevenção da síndrome anual de M. quadrifasciata, bem como da perda de outras abelhas nativas.Every year at the end of summer, in southern Brazil, managed colonies of the stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata manifest a syndrome that eventually leads to their collapse. Bees from affected colonies may show symptoms such as tremors and paralysis, but the main feature of the syndrome is the sudden death of workers, whose bodies are found in front or inside the hives. In this thesis we describe our discoveries on the possible causes of this mortality evaluating the different complexity levels of an eusocial bee, from the individual and its associated microorganisms until colony level. We show that the M. quadrifasciata microbiota is highly variable, with large differences in community composition among bees from different colonies. Pathogenic bacteria were not detected in affected bees, and the pattern of microbiota composition did not indicate a correlation between dysbiosis and syndrome occurrence. We have also shown that the symptoms observed in unhealthy foragers are not caused by viruses known to be pathogenic in other bees. However, novel viruses that we identified in the M. quadrifasciata-a ssociated virome are more often diagnosed in some meliponaries during the outbreak, and may be related to the intensity of observed symptoms and to the collapse of some colonies. Finally, on a temporal survey performed for five months during the summer of 2018/2019, we show the syndrome resulted from the inability to express genes involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and immune response about two months before the outbreak, followed by foragers weight loss, a shift in pollen resources used, and a decrease in performance to control the nest environment. In addition to reporting our results to the scientific community, we have also prepared, based on our investigations, a guide with recommendations for the management of stingless bees that may contribute to the prevention of the M. quadrifasciata annual syndrome, as well the loss of other native bee In addition to reporting our results to the scientific community, we have also prepared, based on our investigations, a guide with recommendations for the management of stingless bees that may contribute to the prevention of the M. quadrifasciata annual syndrome, as well the loss of other native bees

Beyond diversity loss and climate change : impacts of Amazon deforestation on infectious diseases and public health

Amazonian biodiversity is increasingly threatened due to the weakening of policies for combating deforestation, especially in Brazil. Loss of animal and plant species, many not yet known to science, is just one among many negative consequences of Amazon deforestation. Deforestation affects indigenous communities, riverside as well as urban populations, and even planetary health. Amazonia has a prominent role in regulating the Earth’s climate, with forest loss contributing to rising regional and global temperatures and intensification of extreme weather events. These climatic conditions are important drivers of emerging infectious diseases, and activities associated with deforestation contribute to the spread of disease vectors. This review presents the main impacts of Amazon deforestation on infectious-disease dynamics and public health from a One Health perspective. Because Brazil holds the largest area of Amazon rainforest, emphasis is given to the Brazilian scenario. Finally, potential solutions to mitigate deforestation and emerging infectious diseases are presented from the perspectives of researchers in different fields

Synthesizing the connections between environmental disturbances and zoonotic spillover

Zoonotic spillover is a phenomenon characterized by the transfer of pathogens between different animal species. Most human emerging infectious diseases originate from non-human animals, and human-related environmental disturbances are the driving forces of the emergence of new human pathogens. Synthesizing the sequence of basic events involved in the emergence of new human pathogens is important for guiding the understanding, identifi cation, and description of key aspects of human activities that can be changed to prevent new outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. This review synthesizes the connections between environmental disturbances and increased risk of spillover events based on the One Health perspective. Anthropogenic disturbances in the environment (e.g., deforestation, habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss, wildlife exploitation) lead to changes in ecological niches, reduction of the dilution effect, increased contact between humans and other animals, changes in the incidence and load of pathogens in animal populations, and alterations in the abiotic factors of landscapes. These phenomena can increase the risk of spillover events and, potentially, facilitate new infectious disease outbreaks. Using Brazil as a study model, this review brings a discussion concerning anthropogenic activities in the Amazon region and their potential impacts on spillover risk and spread of emerging diseases in this region

Síndrome anual da abelha mandaçaia ( Melipona quadrifasciata ) - o papel de simbiontes, sistema imune e ambiente

Todos os anos ao final do verão, no sul do Brasil, colônias manejadas da abelha sem ferrão Melipona quadrifasciata manifestam uma síndrome que eventualmente leva-as ao colapso. Abelhas de colônias afetadas podem apresentar sintomas como tremores e paralisia, mas a principal característica da síndrome é a repentina morte de operárias, cujos corpos são encontrados em frente ou mesmo dentro da colméia. Nesta tese descrevemos nossos achados sobre as possíveis causas dessa mortalidade avaliando os diferentes níveis de complexidade de uma abelha social, desde o indivíduo e seus microrganismos associados até o nível da colônia. Mostramos que a microbiota de M. quadrifasciata é altamente variável, com grandes diferenças na composição bacteriana de abelhas de diferentes colônias. Bactérias patogênicas não foram detectadas em abelhas afetadas e o padrão na composição da microbiota não indicou uma correlação entre disbiose e a ocorrência da síndrome. Mostramos também que os sintomas observados em forrageiras doentes não são causados por vírus conhecidos como patogênicos em outras abelhas. Entretanto, novos vírus que nós identificamos no viroma da M. quadrifasciata são mais frequentemente diagnosticados em determinados meliponários durante a síndrome, e podem estar relacionados à intensidade dos sintomas e ao colapso de certas colméias. Por fim, num monitoramento temporal feito ao longo de cinco meses no verão de 2018/2019, mostramos que a síndrome foi resultado da incapacidade de expressar genes envolvidos na detoxificação de xenobióticos e resposta imune cerca de dois meses antes da síndrome, seguido da perda de peso das forrageiras, troca nos recursos polínicos utilizados e perda da capacidade de controle do clima interno da colônia. Além da divulgação e discussão no meio científico, elaboramos também, com base nestas investigações, um guia com recomendações de manejo aos meliponicultores que, se aplicadas, podem contribuir para a prevenção da síndrome anual de M. quadrifasciata, bem como da perda de outras abelhas nativas.Every year at the end of summer, in southern Brazil, managed colonies of the stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata manifest a syndrome that eventually leads to their collapse. Bees from affected colonies may show symptoms such as tremors and paralysis, but the main feature of the syndrome is the sudden death of workers, whose bodies are found in front or inside the hives. In this thesis we describe our discoveries on the possible causes of this mortality evaluating the different complexity levels of an eusocial bee, from the individual and its associated microorganisms until colony level. We show that the M. quadrifasciata microbiota is highly variable, with large differences in community composition among bees from different colonies. Pathogenic bacteria were not detected in affected bees, and the pattern of microbiota composition did not indicate a correlation between dysbiosis and syndrome occurrence. We have also shown that the symptoms observed in unhealthy foragers are not caused by viruses known to be pathogenic in other bees. However, novel viruses that we identified in the M. quadrifasciata-a ssociated virome are more often diagnosed in some meliponaries during the outbreak, and may be related to the intensity of observed symptoms and to the collapse of some colonies. Finally, on a temporal survey performed for five months during the summer of 2018/2019, we show the syndrome resulted from the inability to express genes involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and immune response about two months before the outbreak, followed by foragers weight loss, a shift in pollen resources used, and a decrease in performance to control the nest environment. In addition to reporting our results to the scientific community, we have also prepared, based on our investigations, a guide with recommendations for the management of stingless bees that may contribute to the prevention of the M. quadrifasciata annual syndrome, as well the loss of other native bee In addition to reporting our results to the scientific community, we have also prepared, based on our investigations, a guide with recommendations for the management of stingless bees that may contribute to the prevention of the M. quadrifasciata annual syndrome, as well the loss of other native bees

La correspondencia de Valencia : diario de noticias : eco imparcial de la opinión y de la prensa: Año XLV Número 18665 - 1922 Abril 14

Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Cultura. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, 200