Viable pluripotent chick blastodermal cells can be maintained long term in an alkaline defined medium

Most chicken embryonic cell culture methods call for neutral pH media of different natures, with disregard of the peculiar electrochemical environment in which avian embryos develop, with a 4 pH unit gradient across the thin blastoderm and the vitelline membrane. We report results of a culture system in alkaline media (pH >9) with atmospheric conditions. Blastodermal and blood cells, maintained for 8 wk with minor differentiation in the absence of the standard growth factors, developed a thick, mucoid-like matrix in which a large proportion of the cell mass grew embedded, with no direct contact to cultureware. After up to 8 wk, blastoderm explants and dissociated blastodermal cells, cultured in either M199 or Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) in the absence of supplemental CO2, expressed several pluripotency markers (SSEA1, VASA) and embryoid bodies were formed. The assayed conditions impose an undoubted electrolyte stress on the cells which, notwithstanding, maintained their viability and remained undifferentiated. We hypothesize that a rise in pH and the activation of active cation exchanger like Na+/H+ antiporter could mediate the observed differentiation arrest. © 2016, The Society for In Vitro Biology

Potential land availability for energy crops production in Europe

The European Union (EU) has set quite an ambitious goal for biofuels contribution to the makeup of the renewable energy mix in the next decades. While substantial efforts have been made to develop the technologies for the transformation of biomass into biofuels, it is still uncertain to what extent the EU will be able to generate the biomass needed to meet its targets without compromising domestic food security. Using a bottom-up approach, this review addresses one of the key elements the potential availability of land for non-food crops in the EU. The assessment is based on a land allocation model, which calculates surplus land that would be available for non-food crops after satisfying food and feed demands. Projections of future agriculture productivity and changes in population are the most important parameters of the modeling applied for two future scenarios established for the years 2020 and 2030. The total area potentially available for non-food crops in the EU-27 (excluding Cyprus and Malta) is estimated to be 13.2 million ha in the current situation, with fallow land the largest contributor. In scenarios 2020 and 2030, additional land would be released from food and fodder crops, resulting in total land potential of 20.5 million ha in 2020 and 26.2 million ha in 2030. Results presented on a regional basis indicate potential locations for biomass transformation plants in terms of feedstock production. A set of non-food crops can be recommended for the diverse climate and agronomic conditions of the entire EU area. © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd