41 research outputs found
Distributed Space Traffic Management Solutions with Emerging New Space Industry
Day-to-day services, from weather forecast to logistics, rely on space-based infrastructures whose integrity is
crucial to stakeholders and end-users worldwide. Current trends point towards congestion of the near-Earth space
environment increasing at a rate greater than existing systems support, and thus demand novel cost-efficient approaches
to traffic detection, characterization, tracking, and management to ensure space remains a safe, integral part of societies
and economies worldwide. Whereas machine-learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) have been extensively
proposed to address congestion and alleviate big-data problems of the future, little has been done so far to tackle the
need for transnational coordination and conflict-resolution in the context of space traffic management (STM).
In STM, there is an ever-growing need for distributing information and coordinating actions (e.g., avoidance
manoeuvres) to reduce the operational costs borne by individual entities and to decrease the latencies of actionable
responses taken upon the detection of hazardous conditions by one-to-two orders of magnitude. However, these needs
are not exclusive to STM, as evidenced by the widespread adoption of solutions to distributing, coordinating, and
automating actions in other industries such as air traffic management (ATM), where a short-range airborne collision
avoidance system (ACAS) automatically coordinates evasive manoeuvres whenever a conjunction is detected. Within
this context, this paper aims at establishing a roadmap of promising technologies (e.g., blockchain), protocols and
processes that could be adapted from different domains (railway, automotive, aerial, and maritime) to build an
integrated traffic coordination and communication architecture to simplify and harmonise stakeholders’ satellite
operations.
This paper is organised into seven sections. First, Section 1 introduces the problem of STM, highlighting its
complexity. Following this introduction, Section 2 discusses needs and requirements of various stakeholders such as
commercial operators, space situational awareness (SSA) service providers, launch-service providers, satellite and
constellation owners, governmental agencies, regulators, and insurance companies. Then, Section 3 addresses existing
gaps and challenges in STM, focusing on globally coordinated approaches. Next, Section 4 reviews technologies for
distributed, secure, and persistent communications, and proposed solutions to address some of these challenges from
non-space sectors. Thereafter, Section 5 briefly covers the history of STM proposals and presents the state-of-the-art
solution being proposed for modern STM. Following this review, Section 6 devises a step-by-step plan for exploiting
and deploying some of the identified technologies within a five-to-ten-year timeline to close several existing gaps.
Finally, Section 7 concludes the paper
Topological and flat bands states induced by hybridized interactions in one-dimensional photonic lattices
We report on a study of a one-dimensional linear photonic lattice hosting,
simultaneously, fundamental and dipolar modes at every site. We show how,
thanks to the interaction between the different orbital modes, this minimal
model exhibits rich transport and topological properties. By varying the
detuning coefficient we find a regime where bands become flatter (with reduced
transport) and, a second regime, where both bands connect on at a gap-closing
transition (with enhanced transport). We detect an asymmetric transport due to
the asymmetric inter-mode coupling and a linear energy exchange mechanism
between modes. Further analysis show that the bands have a topological
transition with a non-trivial Zak phase which leads to the appeareance of edge
states in a finite system. Finally, for zero detuning, we found a symmetric
condition for coupling constants, where the linear spectrum becomes completely
flat, with states fully localized in space occupying only two lattice sites.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure
TCF periodogram's high sensitivity: A method for optimizing detection of small transiting planets
We conduct a methodological study for statistically comparing the
sensitivities of two periodograms for weak signal planet detection in transit
surveys: the widely used Box-Least Squares (BLS) algorithm following light
curve detrending and the Transit Comb Filter (TCF) algorithm following
autoregressive ARIMA modeling. Small depth transits are injected into light
curves with different simulated noise characteristics. Two measures of spectral
peak significance are examined: the periodogram signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and
a False Alarm Probability (FAP) based on the generalized extreme value
distribution. The relative performance of the BLS and TCF algorithms for small
planet detection is examined for a range of light curve characteristics,
including orbital period, transit duration, depth, number of transits, and type
of noise. The TCF periodogram applied to ARIMA fit residuals with the SNR
detection metric is preferred when short-memory autocorrelation is present in
the detrended light curve and even when the light curve noise had white
Gaussian noise. BLS is more sensitive to small planets only under limited
circumstances with the FAP metric. BLS periodogram characteristics are inferior
when autocorrelated noise is present. Application of these methods to TESS
light curves with small exoplanets confirms our simulation results. The study
ends with a decision tree that advises transit survey scientists on procedures
to detect small planets most efficiently. The use of ARIMA detrending and TCF
periodograms can significantly improve the sensitivity of any transit survey
with regularly spaced cadence.Comment: 30 pages, 13 figures, submitted to AAS Journal
DIAmante TESS AutoRegressive Planet Search (DTARPS): I. Analysis of 0.9 Million Light Curves
Nearly one million light curves from the TESS Year 1 southern hemisphere
extracted from Full Frame Images with the DIAmante pipeline are processed
through the AutoRegressive Planet Search statistical procedure. ARIMA models
remove trends and lingering autocorrelated noise, the Transit Comb Filter
identifies the strongest periodic signal in the light curve, and a Random
Forest machine learning classifier is trained and applied to identify the best
potential candidates. Classifier training sets include injections of both
planetary transit signals and contaminating eclipsing binaries. The optimized
classifier has a True Positive Rate of 92.8% and a False Positive Rate of 0.37%
from the labeled training set. The result of this DIAmante TESS autoregressive
planet search (DTARPS) analysis is a list of 7,377 potential exoplanet
candidates. The classifier has a False Positive Rate of 0.3%, a 64% recall rate
for previously confirmed exoplanets, and a 78% negative recall rate for known
False Positives. The completeness map of the injected planetary signals shows
high recall rates for planets with 8 - 30 R(Earth) radii and periods 0.6-13
days and poor completeness for planets with radii < 2 R(Earth) or periods < 1
day. The list has many False Alarms and False Positives that need to be culled
with multifaceted vetting operations (Paper II).Comment: 46 pages, 21 figures, submitted to AAS Journals. A Machine Readable
Table for Table 3 is available at
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1DyxNcNlfcHHAoCdsaipxxIbP5A2FPey
DIAmante TESS AutoRegressive Planet Search (DTARPS): II. Hundreds of New TESS Candidate Exoplanets
The DIAmante TESS AutoRegressive Planet Search (DTARPS) project seeks to
identify photometric transiting planets from 976,814 southern hemisphere stars
observed in Year 1 of the TESS mission. This paper follows the methodology
developed by Melton et al. (Paper I) using light curves extracted and
pre-processed by the DIAmante project (Montalto et al. 2020). Paper I emerged
with a list of 7,377 light curves with statistical properties characteristic of
transiting planets but dominated by False Alarms and False Positives. Here a
multistage vetting procedure is applied including: centroid motion and crowding
metrics, False Alarm and False Positive reduction, photometric binary
elimination, and ephemeris match removal. The vetting produces a catalog of 462
DTARPS Candidates across the southern ecliptic hemisphere and 310 objects in a
spatially incomplete Galactic Plane list. Fifty-eight percent were not
previously identified as transiting systems. Candidates are flagged for
possible blending from nearby stars based on Zwicky Transient Facility data and
for possible radial velocity variations based on Gaia satellite data. Orbital
periods and planetary radii are refined using astrophysical modeling; the
resulting parameters closely match published values for Confirmed Planets.
Their properties are discussed in Paper III.Comment: 25 pages, 10 figures, submitted to AAS Journals. Machine Readable
Tables and Figure Sets for Tables 1 and 4 are available at
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1DyxNcNlfcHHAoCdsaipxxIbP5A2FPeyi?usp=share_lin
DIAmante TESS AutoRegressive Planet Search (DTARPS): III. Understanding the DTARPS Candidate Transiting Planet Catalogs
The DIAmante TESS AutoRegressive Planet Search (DTARPS) project, using novel
statistical methods, has identified several hundred candidates for transiting
planetary systems obtained from 0.9 million Full Frame Image light curves
obtained in the TESS Year 1 southern hemisphere survey (Melton et al. 2022a and
2022b). Several lines of evidence, including limited reconnaissance
spectroscopy, indicate that at least half are true planets rather than False
Positives. Here various population properties of these objects are examined.
Half of the DTARPS candidates are hot Neptunes, populating the 'Neptune desert'
found in Kepler planet samples. The DTARPS samples also identify dozens of
Ultra Short Period planets with orbital periods down to 5 hours, high priority
systems for atmospheric transimssion spectroscopy, and planets orbiting
low-mass M stars. DTARPS methodology is sufficiently well-characterized at each
step that preliminary planet occurrence rates can be estimated. Except for the
increase in hot Neptunes, DTARPS planet occurrence rates are consistent with
Kepler rates. Overall, DTARPS provides one of the largest and most reliable
catalog of TESS exoplanet candidates that can be tapped to improve our
understanding of various exoplanetary populations and astrophysical processes.Comment: 29 pages, 16 figures, submitted to the AAS Journals February 13, 202
CRUSOE: Data Model for Cyber Situation Awareness
Attaining and keeping cyber situational awareness is crucial for the proper incident response, especially in critical infrastructures. Incident handlers need to process heterogeneous data, such as network topology and organisation's missions and objectives, to effectively mitigate the threats. The development of tools for attaining cyber situational awareness often faces the problem of effectively obtaining, correlating, and storing such heterogeneous data. In this paper, we present CRUSOE, an extensible layered data model for attaining and keeping information on cyber situational awareness. We conducted interviews with incident handlers from several security teams and evaluated existing requirements on cyber situational awareness to formalise the requirements on the proposed data model so that can be used in today's common network settings. The CRUSOE data model keeps track of missions, systems, networks, hosts, threats, detection and response capabilities, and access control in a network of an organisation. It is also designed to be filled primarily with the data that can be obtained in a semi- or fully-automated fashion in today's common network environments