Enzyme production from food wastes using a biorefinery concept

According to Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), one-third of food produced globally for human consumption (nearly 1.3 billion tonnes) is lost along the food supply chain. In many countries food waste is currently landfilled or incinerated together with other combustible municipal wastes for possible recovery of energy. However, these two options are facing more and more economic and environmental stresses. Due to its organic- and nutrient-rich nature, theoretically food waste can be converted to valuable products (e.g. bio-products such as methane, hydrogen, ethanol, enzymes, organic acids, chemicals and fuels) through various fermentation processes. Such conversion of food waste is potentially more profitable than its conversion to animal feed or transportation fuel. Food waste valorisation has therefore gained interest, with value added bio-products such as methane, hydrogen, ethanol, enzymes, organic acids, chemicals, and fuels. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide information on the food waste situation with emphasis on Asia–Pacific countries and the state of the art food waste processing technologies to produce enzymes

Rapid Detection of HIV-1 and 2 Antibodies by using Oral Fluid: A Multicentric Pilot Study in India

Introduction- Detection of HIV antibodies is done by the standard blood tests. Rapid tests provide results in few minutes. The OraQuick rapid HIV12 antibody test using oral fluid has not been tried in resource-limited settings in India. The aim was to evaluate the efficacy of the OraQuick test kit using oral fluid for HIV antibody detection in patients attending the dental hospitals. Materials and methods: This multicentric pilot study was administered on 134 consenting subjects- Seventy subjects were randomly screened at Visakhapatnam and 64 at Davangere, by OraQuick test using oral fluid and other standard HIV screening tests. The subjects and the test administrators were enquired regarding the convenience of the oral fluid test and blood tests. The results were compared and conclusions were drawn. Results: Seventy subjects were positive with both oral fluid and blood tests. Sixty-four subjects were negative with both the tests demonstrating 100% sensitivity and specificity. The oral fluid test was well accepted by all patients and test administrators. Conclusion: Our study revealed that the OraQuick test using oral fluid was found to be highly accurate, noninvasive screening test which ran be easily used in dental hospital