1,534 research outputs found
Electron Photodetachment from Aqueous Anions. III. Dynamics of Geminate Pairs Derived from Photoexcitation of Mono- vs. Poly- atomic Anions
Photostimulated electron detachment from aqueous inorganic anions is the
simplest example of solvent-mediated electron transfer. Here we contrast the
behavior of halide anions with that of small polyatomic anions, such as
pseudohalide anions (e.g., HS-) and common polyvalent anions (e.g., SO32-).
Geminate recombination dynamics of hydrated electrons generated by 200 nm
photoexcitation of aqueous anions (I-, Br-, OH-, HS-, CNS-, CO32-, SO32-, and
Fe(CN)64-) have been studied. Prompt quantum yields for the formation of
solvated, thermalized electrons and quantum yields for free electrons were
determined. Pump-probe kinetics for 200 nm photoexcitation were compared with
kinetics obtained at lower photoexcitation energy (225 nm or 242 nm) for the
same anions, where possible. Free diffusion and mean force potential models of
geminate recombination dynamics were used to analyze these kinetics. These
analyses suggest that for polyatomic anions (including all polyvalent anions
studied) the initial electron distribution has a broad component, even at
relatively low photoexcitation energy. There seem to be no well-defined
threshold energy below which the broadening of the distribution does not occur,
as is the case for halide anions. Direct ionization to the conduction band of
water is the most likely photoprocess broadening the electron distribution. Our
study suggests that halide anions are in the class of their own; electron
photodetachment from polyatomic, especially polyvalent, anions follows a
different set of rules.Comment: to be submitted to J. Phys. Chem. A; 28 pages, 5 figs + Supplemen
An Aerothermoelastic Analysis Framework Enhanced by Model Order Reduction With Applications
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/143034/1/6.2017-1601.pd
Identity-Related Dysfunction: Integrating Clinical and Developmental Perspectives
Recent changes to the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders highlight the importance of identity dysfunction within several psychiatric diagnoses. Despite a long-standing tradition of identity research and theory in the developmental literature, there is limited work establishing intersections between clinical and developmental conceptualizations of identity problems. The relative lack of integration between decades of clinical and developmental work is unfortunate, and likely limits progress in both areas. In this commentary, the authors argue for greater interdisciplinary collaboration and highlight contributions from developmental and clinical theories, which, if integrated, could enhance identity scholarship. The developmental psychopathology perspective is introduced as an ideal framework to promote these goals
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha expression in T cells mediates gender differences in development of T cell-mediated autoimmunity.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha is a nuclear receptor that mediates gender differences in lipid metabolism. PPARalpha also functions to control inflammatory responses by repressing the activity of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and c-jun in immune cells. Because PPARalpha is situated at the crossroads of gender and immune regulation, we hypothesized that this gene may mediate sex differences in the development of T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. We show that PPARalpha is more abundant in male as compared with female CD4(+) cells and that its expression is sensitive to androgen levels. Genetic ablation of this gene selectively removed the brake on NF-kappaB and c-jun activity in male T lymphocytes, resulting in higher production of interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor (but not interleukin 17), and lower production of T helper (Th)2 cytokines. Upon induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, male but not female PPARalpha(-/-) mice developed more severe clinical signs that were restricted to the acute phase of disease. These results suggest that males are less prone to develop Th1-mediated autoimmunity because they have higher T cell expression of PPARalpha
Excited state dynamics of liquid water: Insight from the dissociation reaction following two-photon excitation
We use transient absorption spectroscopy to monitor the ionization and dissociation products following two-photon excitation of pure liquid water. The two decay mechanisms occur with similar yield for an excitation energy of 9.3 eV, whereas the major channel at 8.3 eV is dissociation. The geminate recombination kinetics of the H and OH fragments, which can be followed in the transient absorption probed at 267 nm, provide a window on the dissociation dynamics at the lower excitation energy. Modeling the OH geminate recombination indicates that the dissociating H atoms have enough kinetic energy to escape the solvent cage and one or two additional solvent shells. The average initial separation of H and OH fragments is 0.7+-0.2 nm. Our observation suggests that the hydrogen bonding environment does not prevent direct dissociation of an O-H bond in the excited state. We discuss the implications of our measurement for the excited state dynamics of liquid water and explore the role of those dynamics in the ionization mechanism at low excitation energies
Title Excited state dynamics of liquid water: Insight from the dissociation reaction following two-photon excitation
We use transient absorption spectroscopy to monitor the ionization and
dissociation products following two-photon excitation of pure liquid water. The
two decay mechanisms occur with similar yield for an excitation energy of 9.3
eV, whereas the major channel at 8.3 eV is dissociation. The geminate
recombination kinetics of the H and OH fragments, which can be followed in the
transient absorption probed at 267 nm, provide a window on the dissociation
dynamics at the lower excitation energy. Modeling the OH geminate recombination
indicates that the dissociating H atoms have enough kinetic energy to escape
the solvent cage and one or two additional solvent shells. The average initial
separation of H and OH fragments is 0.7+-0.2 nm. Our observation suggests that
the hydrogen bonding environment does not prevent direct dissociation of an O-H
bond in the excited state. We discuss the implications of our measurement for
the excited state dynamics of liquid water and explore the role of those
dynamics in the ionization mechanism at low excitation energies.Comment: 25 pages, 5 figs, submitted to J Chem Phy
Excited state dynamics of liquid water: Insight from the dissociation reaction following two-photon excitation
This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jcp/126/16/10.1063/1.2727468.The authors use transient absorption spectroscopy to monitor the ionization and dissociation products following two-photon excitation of pure liquid water. The primary decay mechanism changes from dissociation at an excitation energy of 8.3eV to ionization at 12.4eV. The two channels occur with similar yield for an excitation energy of 9.3eV. For the lowest excitation energy, the transient absorption at 267nm probes the geminate recombination kinetics of the H and OH fragments, providing a window on the dissociation dynamics. Modeling the OH geminate recombination indicates that the dissociating H atoms have enough kinetic energy to escape the solvent cage and one or two additional solvent shells. The average initial separation of H and OH fragments is 0.7±0.2nm. Our observation suggests that the hydrogen bonding environment does not prevent direct dissociation of an O–H bond in the excited state. We discuss the implications of our measurement for the excited state dynamics of liquid water and explore the role of those dynamics in the ionization mechanism at low excitation energies
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