Equivalent axial stiffness of horizontal stays

Cable-stayed structures are widely employed in several fields of civil, industrial, electrical and ocean engineering. Typical applications are cable-stayed building roofs, bridges, guyed masts, overhead electrical lines, and floating device anchorages. Since the cable behavior is often highly nonlinear, suitable equivalent mechanical cable models are often adopted in analyzing this kind of structures. Usually, like in the classical Dischinger's approach, stays are treated as straight rods offering an equivalent axial tangent stiffness, so that each of them can be substituted with an appropriate equivalent nonlinear spring or truss element. Formulae expressing equivalent stiffness provided by classical methods are satisfactory only when the cable is highly stressed, and therefore its sag is small with respect to its chord; on the contrary, when the cable is slack, they give often contradictory or meaningless results. Aiming to remove that limitation, a more refined approach based on the application of the virtual work principle is discussed. Important products of that original rational criterion are accurate and closed form innovative expressions of the tangent stiffness of the cable, whose field of application is independent on the sag to chord ratio of the cable, as well as on the magnitude of the normal stresses. Referring to some relevant case studies, the results obtained applying these new formulae are critically discussed for cables made of different materials, also in comparison with the approximate expressions provided by simplified methods

Nonlinear dynamics of swinging clapper bells under arbitrary or resonant forcing functions

Study of swinging clapper bells involves aspects encompassing sound and acoustic engineering, mechanical engineering, and structural engineering. From the musical point of view, clapper bells are directly played idiophone instruments, where the playing device, the clapper, although directly excited, is not explicitly controlled by the bell ringer. The achievement of a clear and optimal sound mainly depends on the acoustic characteristics of the bell and on the regularity of the clapper strokes, which is not only governed by the ringing style and the relevant parameters of clapper and bell but also by the real time corrections to the excitation introduced by trained bell ringers. In fact, despite centuries of experience allowed to optimize the bell performances, standardizing proportions and mounting arrangements, effective sound control requires some fine tuning of the forcing function. Another crucial topic, especially in view of assessing existing structures, regards the evaluation of time histories of the actions transmitted by the bell to the pivots and the study of the interactions between the bell and the supporting structures, belfries, and bell-towers. "Ringability" of swinging bells and bell-structure interactions are usually tackled in the framework of rigid body dynamics, so arriving at an initial value problem, governed by a system of two second order nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs), whose solutions are piecewise-defined functions. In the relevant literature, numerical solutions of the system are commonly sought using built-in algorithms provided in advanced software packages; since the use of such general algorithms is subject to some restrictions, especially regarding the forcing functions, validity of the results is often limited. The present study focuses on an innovative procedure to solve the equations of motion. The method, extremely fast and effective, is based on original numerical explicit-implicit predictor-corrector integration algorithms with constant time step, duly validated reproducing the outcomes of relevant reference case studies. Each time the clapper strikes the bell a new "piece" of the solution is initialized, so avoiding user interventions in the elaboration phase. Independently on the oscillation amplitude and on the duration of the considered time interval, the algorithms can successfully manage undamped oscillations; friction and viscosity damped oscillations; free oscillations in transient and stationary phases; and can be applied also to solve stiff equations. Furthermore, the capability of the proposed methods to deal with arbitrary forcing functions is particularly innovative. The outcomes of relevant case studies, regarding the oscillations of the old tenor bell of the Great St. Mary church in Cambridge, confirm the potentialities of the method, also highlighting some topical issues, involving, for example, the assessment of damping equivalence. Finally, a pioneering feature of the algorithms is their ability to handle and to define "resonant" forcing functions, continuously tuning the frequency of the excitation to the natural frequency of the oscillation, according to the oscillation amplitude

Tanaka-Tagoshi Parametrization of post-1PN Spin-Free Gravitational Wave Chirps: Equispaced and Cardinal Interpolated Lattices For First Generation Interferometric Antennas

The spin-free binary-inspiral parameter-space introduced by Tanaka and Tagoshi to construct a uniformly-spaced lattice of templates at (and possibly beyond) $2.5PN$ order is shown to work for all first generation interferometric gravitational wave antennas. This allows to extend the minimum-redundant cardinal interpolation techniques of the correlator bank developed by the Authors to the highest available order PN templates. The total number of 2PN templates to be computed for a minimal match $\Gamma=0.97$ is reduced by a factor 4, as in the 1PN case.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

Optimum Placement of Post-1PN GW Chirp Templates Made Simple at any Match Level via Tanaka-Tagoshi Coordinates

A simple recipe is given for constructing a maximally sparse regular lattice of spin-free post-1PN gravitational wave chirp templates subject to a given minimal match constraint, using Tanaka-Tagoshi coordinates.Comment: submitted to Phys. Rev.

Robust Gravitational Wave Burst Detection and Source Localization in a Network of Interferometers Using Cross Wigner Spectra

We discuss a fast cross-Wigner transform based technique for detecting gravitational wave bursts, and estimating the direction of arrival, using a network of (three) non co-located interferometric detectors. The performances of the detector as a function of signal strength and source location, and the accuracy of the direction of arrival estimation are investigated by numerical simulations.Comment: accepted in Class. Quantum Gravit

Evaluation of current trends of climatic actions in europe based on observations and regional reanalysis

Since extreme values of climatic actions are commonly derived assuming the climate being stationary over time, engineering structures and infrastructures are designed considering design actions derived under this assumption. Owing to the increased relevance of the expected climate change effects and the correlated variations of climate actions extremes, ad hoc strategies for future adaption of design loads are needed. Moreover, as current European maps for climatic actions are generally based on observations collected more than 20 years ago, they should be updated. By a suitable elaboration of the projections of future climate changes, the evolution over time of climatic actions can be assessed; this basic and crucial information allows us to facilitate future adaptations of climatic load maps, thus improving the climate resilience of structures and infrastructures. In this paper, current trends of climatic actions in Europe, daily maximum and minimum temperatures, daily precipitation, and ground snow loads, are investigated based on available gridded datasets of observations (E-OBS) and regional reanalysis (Uncertainties in Ensembles of Regional Re-Analyses, UERRA), to assess their suitability to be used in the elaboration of maps for climatic actions. The results indicate that the E-OBS gridded datasets reproduce trends in extreme temperatures and precipitation well in the investigated regions, while reanalysis data, which include snow water equivalent, show biases in the assessment of ground snow load modifications over the years in comparison with measurements. As far as climate change effects are concerned, trends of variation of climatic actions are estimated considering subsequent time windows, 40 years in duration, covering the period 1950–2020. Results, in terms of factors of change, are critically discussed, also in comparison with the elaborations of reliable datasets of real observations, considering a case study covering Germany and Switzerland

Probabilistic assessment of roof snow load and the calibration of shape coefficients in the eurocodes

In modern structural codes, the reference value of the snow load on roofs is commonly given as the product of the characteristic value of the ground snow load at the construction site multiplied by the shape coefficient. The shape coefficient is a conversion factor which depends on the roof geometry, its wind exposure, and its thermal properties. In the Eurocodes, the characteristic roof snow load is either defined as the value corresponding to an annual probability of exceedance of 0.02 or as a nominal value. In this paper, an improved methodology to evaluate the roof snow load characterized by a given probability of exceedance (e.g., p=0.02 in one year) is presented based on appropriate probability density functions for ground snow loads and shape coefficients, duly taking into account the influence of the roof’s geometry and its exposure to wind. In that context, the curves for the design values of the shape coefficients are provided as a function of the coefficient of variation (COVg) of the yearly maxima of the snow load on the ground expected at a given site, considering three relevant wind exposure conditions: sheltered or non-exposed, semisheltered or normal, and windswept or exposed. The design shape coefficients for flat and pitched roofs, obtained considering roof snow load measurements collected in Europe during the European Snow Load Research Project (ESLRP) and in Norway, are finally compared with the roof snow load provisions given in the relevant existing Eurocode EN1991-1-3: 2003 and in the new version being developed (prEN1991-1-3: 2020) for the “second generation” of the Eurocodes

Influence of reinforcing steel corrosion on life cycle reliability assessment of existing R.C. Buildings

Time-dependent reliability assessment is a crucial aspect of the decision process for rehabilitation of existing reinforced concrete structures. Since the assessment strongly depends on degradation of materials with time, the paper focuses on the influence of corrosion in reinforcing steel on time-reliability curves of relevant reinforced concrete (r.c.) structures, built in Italy in the 1960s, belonging to different building categories. To realistically represent the probability distribution functions (pdf s) of the relevant properties of reinforcing steel and concrete commonly adopted in the 1960s, stochastic models for steel yielding and concrete compressive strength have been derived, by means of a suitable cluster analysis, from secondary databases of test results gathered at that time in Italy on concrete and steel rebar specimens. This cluster analysis, based on Gaussian mixture models, provides a powerful tool to "objectively" extract material classes and associated probability density functions from databases of experimental test results. In the study, different degradation conditions and several reinforcing steel and concrete classes are considered, also aiming to scrutinize their influence on the time-dependent reliability curves. Finally, to stress the significance of the study, the time-dependent reliability curves so obtained are critically examined and discussed also in comparison with the target reliability levels currently adopted in the Eurocodes

Rejection Properties of Stochastic-Resonance-Based Detectors of Weak Harmonic Signals

In (V. Galdi et al., Phys. Rev. E57, 6470, 1998) a thorough characterization in terms of receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) of stochastic-resonance (SR) detectors of weak harmonic signals of known frequency in additive gaussian noise was given. It was shown that strobed sign-counting based strategies can be used to achieve a nice trade-off between performance and cost, by comparison with non-coherent correlators. Here we discuss the more realistic case where besides the sought signal (whose frequency is assumed known) further unwanted spectrally nearby signals with comparable amplitude are present. Rejection properties are discussed in terms of suitably defined false-alarm and false-dismissal probabilities for various values of interfering signal(s) strength and spectral separation.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures. Misprints corrected. PACS numbers added. RevTeX