History of biotechnology and classical applications in food biotechnology

Background: High flow nasal cannulae (HFNC) are small, thin, tapered binasal tubes that deliver oxygen or blended oxygen/air at gas flows of more than 1 L/min. HFNC are increasingly being used as a form of non-invasive respiratory support for preterm infants. Objectives: To compare the safety and efficacy of HFNC with other forms of non-invasive respiratory support in preterm infants. Search methods: We used the standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group to search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2016, Issue 1), MEDLINE via PubMed (1966 to 1 January 2016), EMBASE (1980 to 1 January 2016), and CINAHL (1982 to 1 January 2016). We also searched clinical trials databases, conference proceedings, and the reference lists of retrieved articles for randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised trials. Selection criteria: Randomised or quasi-randomised trials comparing HFNC with other non-invasive forms of respiratory support in preterm infants immediately after birth or following extubation. Data collection and analysis: The authors extracted and analysed data, and calculated risk ratio, risk difference and number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome

Cross-colonization of infants with probiotic organisms in a neonatal unit

This study aimed to assess probiotic cross-colonization between infants in a neonatal unit where probiotics were being administered to preterm infants during a clinical trial. We tested stool samples from all infants present in the unit at two time points; the first was during the trial and the second was after trial completion. Samples from 43 infants were tested during the trial; all five infants receiving probiotics and three of 38 not receiving probiotics were colonized. Only one of 44 infants tested after the trial was colonized. The rate of cross-colonization was lower than in previous probiotic studies