Advances in understanding and treating ADHD

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurocognitive behavioral developmental disorder most commonly seen in childhood and adolescence, which often extends to the adult years. Relative to a decade ago, there has been extensive research into understanding the factors underlying ADHD, leading to far more treatment options available for both adolescents and adults with this disorder. Novel stimulant formulations have made it possible to tailor treatment to the duration of efficacy required by patients, and to help mitigate the potential for abuse, misuse and diversion. Several new non-stimulant options have also emerged in the past few years. Among these, cognitive behavioral interventions have proven popular in the treatment of adult ADHD, especially within the adult population who cannot or will not use medications, along with the many medication-treated patients who continue to show residual disability

The impact of intake pressure on high exhaust gas recirculation low-temperature compression ignition engine combustion using borescopic imaging

In diesel engines, high levels of exhaust gas recirculation can be used to achieve low-temperature combustion, resulting in low emission levels of both nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter. This work studied the effects of varying the intake manifold pressure on in-cylinder combustion processes and engine-out emissions from a light-duty single cylinder diesel engine under conventional and high exhaust gas recirculation low-temperature combustion regimes. The work was conducted at a part-load cruise condition of 1500 r/min and at an indicated mean effective pressure of approximately 600 kPa. Exhaust gas recirculation rates were varied between 0% and 65% at absolute intake pressures of 100–150 kPa. Very low NOx emissions were achieved (<10 ppm, ∼0.05 g/kW h) for intake oxygen mass fractions below about 11%, independent of boost pressure. Smoke emission levels were lower than for non–exhaust gas recirculation combustion at oxygen mass fractions below ∼9%, depending on the boost pressure. High intake pressures reduced fuel consumption by 15% and combustion by-product emissions by 50%–60% compared to low boost. For the low intake boost case, little visible flame was apparent through borescope imaging. At higher boost pressures, intense flame luminosity was observed within the piston bowl early in the expansion stroke. Spatially averaged soot luminosity based on photomultiplier tube data showed that peak soot luminosity was five times greater and occurred 8 °CA earlier for high boost. This work demonstrates how the combination of appropriate boost pressures and exhaust gas recirculation rates can be used to mitigate the emissions and thermal efficiency penalties of high-dilution low-temperature combustion to achieve near-zero NOx operation

Who gets what: the MNE, the national state and the distributional effects of globalization

Globalization is the outcome of the interface between national states and MNEs. It is a negotiated solution rather than perfect market equilibrium. Even in a global liberalized world, national states are trying to generate as much welfare for their residents as they can, while MNEs try to maximize their value. This creates a bargaining situation. A stylized game theory model is presented and discussed, in order to gain insights into the income distributional effects of the globalization process. Two important features of the model are: (a) that there is a need for a carefully spelt out strategy, and (b) that optimal solutions depend on an ability to identify the elements of the bargaining where the opportunity cost is low. A case study of the negotiation between the State of Israel and Intel is presented as an illustration for this general model. Journal of International Business Studies (2003) 34, 416–427. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400041