Desafíos y perspectivas en la investigación sobre el magisterio Challenges and prospects in the research on teaching

En investigación en general y en investigación educativa y sobre el magisterio importa precisar el "para qué" y el "para quién". Ambas decisiones se deberían conjugar en la opción de transformar la sociedad. Esto es posible hacerlo en nuestros países, a pesar del rasgo de desigualdad y de relativo control existente en el desarrollo investigativo. En investigación magisterial, deberíamos superar el control económico-financiero, de enfoque metodológico y el que, a veces, se esconde bajo el rótulo de hacer "incidencia política". En América Latina, hemos ido precisando la temática de investigación sobre el magisterio. Pero, su enfoque ha tenido que ver, por un lado, con los postulados neoliberales y de la investigación cualitativa-etnográfica y, por otro lado de la educación liberadora y de las prácticas sociales del magisterio latinoamericano. Desde esta última opción surgen importantes perspectivas que hay necesidad de precisar y concertar.<br>In research in general and in research on education and teaching it is worth specifying "what for" and "who for". Both decisions should combine in the option of transforming society. This can be done in our countries, in spite of the inequality divide and of the relative control on the development of research. In research on teaching, we should overcome the economical-financial control, with its methodological focus, and the one that - sometimes - hides under the name of making "political incidence". In Latin America, we have specified the themes of research on teaching. Nevertheless, their focuses have to do with the assumptions of neo-liberalism and qualitative-ethnographic research, on the one hand, and with those of the liberating education and of the social practices of Latin-American teaching, on the other. Important prospects emerge from this last option, which need to be specified and coordinated

A LARGE MAGNETIC SPECTROMETER SYSTEM FOR HIGH-ENERGY MUON PHYSICS

The European Muon Collaboration has built a large magnetic spectrometer system for deep inelastic muon scattering experiments at the CERN SPS muon beam. The general characteristics of the apparatus - composed of a target of either liquid hydrogen or deuterium, or iron plus scintillator, followed by a large magnet with wire chambers before and after it for precise angle and momentum measurement, a muon identifier, large trigger hodoscopes, and hadron identifiers - are explained and each part is described in some detail. The main features of the data-acquisition and apparatus-monitoring systems and of the off-line event reconstruction are given. © 1981

Immune responses induced by a Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis recombinant antigen in mice and lymphocytes from vaccinated subjects

In the search for Leishmania recombinant antigens that can be used as a vaccine against American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, we identified a Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis recombinant protein of 33 kD (Larp33) which is recognized by antibodies and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from subjects vaccinated with Leishvacin ®, Larp33 was expressed in Escherichia coli after cloning of a 2,2 kb Sau3A digested genomic fragment of L. (L.) amazonensis into the pDS56-6 His vector. Immunoblotting analysis indicated that Larp33 corresponds to an approximately 40-kD native protein expressed in promastigotes of L.(L.) amazonensis and L. (Viannia) braziliensis. Northern blots of total RNA also demonstrated that the gene coding for this protein is expressed in promastigotes of the major lineages of Leishmania causing American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Larp33 induced partial protection in susceptible mouse strains (BALB/c and C57BL/10) against L. (L.) amazonensis after vaccination using Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) as adjuvant. In vitro stimulation of splenocytes from BALB/c protected mice with Larp33 elicited the secretion of IL-2 and IFN-g, suggesting that a Th1 cell-mediated protective response is associated with the resistance observed in these mice. As revealed by its immunogenic and antigenic properties, this novel recombinant antigen is a suitable candidate to compose a vaccine against cutaneous leishmaniasisA resposta imune induzida por uma proteína recombinante de Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis de 33 kD (Larp33) foi avaliada em linfócitos de indivíduos vacinados com a Leishvacin® e em camundongos através de vacinação. Larp33 foi expressa em Escherichia coli após clonagem de um fragmento genômico de L. (L.) amazonensis de 2,2 kb no vetor pDS56-6His. Larp33 foi reconhecida por anticorpos IgG presentes no soro de indivíduos vacinados com Leishvacin® e induziu proliferação em linfócitos desses indivíduos em níveis comparáveis ao antígeno total de Leishmania. A análise por imunoblot indicou que Larp33 corresponde a uma proteína de aproximadamente 40 kD expressa em promastigotas de L. (L.) amazonensis e L. (Viannia) braziliensis. Hibridização com sonda de DNA correspondente a parte do fragmento clonado, também demonstrou que o gene codificador desta proteína é expresso em promastigotas destas duas espécies. Larp33 em associação com BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) foi capaz de induzir 75% de proteção em camundongos C75BL/10 e BALB/c, suceptíveis à infecção por L. (L.) amazonensis. Linfócitos dos camundongos protegidos produziram IL-2 e IFN-g em resposta a Larp33. Nossos resultados indicam que Larp33 é imunogênica para linfócitos de indivíduos vacinados com Leishvacin ® e protetora para camundongos contra a infecção por L. (L.) amazonensi