217 research outputs found
La marche vers l’Europe des moyens de paiement scripturaux : le projet SEPA.
SEPA, infrastructures de paiement, inter-opérabilité, instruments de paiement, intégration européenne, Eurosystème.
Questions on pure luminosity evolution for ellipticals
The explanation for the existence of an excess population of faint blue
galaxies (FBGs) has been a mystery for nearly two decades, and remains one of
the grand astronomical issues to date. Existing models cannot explain all of
the observational data such as galaxy number counts in the optical and infrared
passbands and the redshift distributions of galaxies. Here, by modelling the
morphological number counts derived from the Hubble Space Telescope, as well as
the number counts in optical and infrared passbands, and the redshift and color
distributions of galaxies obtained from ground-based observations, we show that
the `FBG problem' cannot be resolved if elliptical galaxies are assumed to have
formed in an instantaneous burst of star formation at high redshift with no
subsequent star formation events, which is just the conventional scenario for
formation and evolution of ellipticals. There exist great discrepancies between
the observed color distribution and the predicted distribution for
ellipticals by such a pure luminosity evolution (PLE) model in the context of
the conventional scenario. Neither can the mild evolution (i.e., the star
formation events have lasted for a longer time than those of the instantaneous
burst and passive evolution since the formation of galaxies) for ellipticals be
accepted in the context of PLE assumption. The introduction of dust extinction
also cannot save the PLE models. This conclusion holds for each of the three
cosmological models under consideration: flat, open and -dominated.
Hence, our investigation suggests that PLE assumption for elliptical galaxies
is questionable, and number evolution may be essential for ellipticals.Comment: 20pages (AASTeX), 10 eps figures, 4 tables, to appear in ApJ, 1999,
Vol. 51
The Prevalence of Campylobacter amongst a Free-Range Broiler Breeder Flock Was Primarily Affected by Flock Age
Campylobacter successfully colonizes broiler chickens, but little is known about the longer term natural history of colonization, since most flocks are slaughtered at an immature age. In this study, the prevalence and genetic diversity of Campylobacter colonizing a single free-range broiler breeder flock was investigated over the course of a year. The age of the flock was the most important factor in determining both the prevalence and diversity of Campylobacter over time. There was no correlation with season, temperature, the amount of rain and sunshine, or the dynamics of colonization amongst geographically and temporally matched broiler flocks. The higher prevalence rates coincided with the age at which broiler chickens are typically slaughtered, but then in the absence of bio-security or other intervention methods, and despite changes in flock management, the prevalence fell to significantly lower levels for the remainder of the study. The genetic diversity of Campylobacter increased as the flock aged, implying that genotypes were accumulated within the flock and may persist for a long time. A better understanding of the ecology of Campylobacter within commercial chicken flocks will allow the design of more effective farm-based interventions
Metabolic flexibility as a major predictor of spatial distribution in microbial communities
A better understand the ecology of microbes and their role in the global ecosystem could be achieved if traditional ecological theories can be applied to microbes. In ecology organisms are defined as specialists or generalists according to the breadth of their niche. Spatial distribution is often used as a proxy measure of niche breadth; generalists have broad niches and a wide spatial distribution and specialists a narrow niche and spatial distribution. Previous studies suggest that microbial distribution patterns are contrary to this idea; a microbial generalist genus (Desulfobulbus) has a limited spatial distribution while a specialist genus (Methanosaeta) has a cosmopolitan distribution. Therefore, we hypothesise that this counter-intuitive distribution within generalist and specialist microbial genera is a common microbial characteristic. Using molecular fingerprinting the distribution of four microbial genera, two generalists, Desulfobulbus and the methanogenic archaea Methanosarcina, and two specialists, Methanosaeta and the sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfobacter were analysed in sediment samples from along a UK estuary. Detected genotypes of both generalist genera showed a distinct spatial distribution, significantly correlated with geographic distance between sites. Genotypes of both specialist genera showed no significant differential spatial distribution. These data support the hypothesis that the spatial distribution of specialist and generalist microbes does not match that seen with specialist and generalist large organisms. It may be that generalist microbes, while having a wider potential niche, are constrained, possibly by intrageneric competition, to exploit only a small part of that potential niche while specialists, with far fewer constraints to their niche, are more capable of filling their potential niche more effectively, perhaps by avoiding intrageneric competition. We suggest that these counter-intuitive distribution patterns may be a common feature of microbes in general and represent a distinct microbial principle in ecology, which is a real challenge if we are to develop a truly inclusive ecology
Grazing, motives to eat palatable foods, and fat and sugar consumption: an exploratory investigation
PPARγ1 and LXRα face a new regulator of macrophage cholesterol homeostasis and inflammatory responsiveness, AEBP1
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ1 (PPARγ1) and liver X receptor α (LXRα) are nuclear receptors that play pivotal roles in macrophage cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation; key biological processes in atherogenesis. The activation of PPARγ1 and LXRα by natural or synthetic ligands results in the transactivation of ABCA1, ABCG1, and ApoE; integral players in cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport. In this review, we describe the structure, isoforms, expression pattern, and functional specificity of PPARs and LXRs. Control of PPARs and LXRs transcriptional activity by coactivators and corepressors is also highlighted. The specific roles that PPARγ1 and LXRα play in inducing macrophage cholesterol efflux mediators and antagonizing macrophage inflammatory responsiveness are summarized. Finally, this review focuses on the recently reported regulatory functions that adipocyte enhancer-binding protein 1 (AEBP1) exerts on PPARγ1 and LXRα transcriptional activity in the context of macrophage cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation
Cosmic Physics: The High Energy Frontier
Cosmic rays have been observed up to energies times larger than those
of the best particle accelerators. Studies of astrophysical particles (hadrons,
neutrinos and photons) at their highest observed energies have implications for
fundamental physics as well as astrophysics. Thus, the cosmic high energy
frontier is the nexus to new particle physics. This overview discusses recent
advances being made in the physics and astrophysics of cosmic rays and cosmic
gamma-rays at the highest observed energies as well as the related physics and
astrophysics of very high energy cosmic neutrinos. These topics touch on
questions of grand unification, violation of Lorentz invariance, as well as
Planck scale physics and quantum gravity.Comment: Topical Review Paper to be published in the Journal of Physics G, 50
page
A Novel Campylobacter jejuni Sequence Type from a Culture-Negative Patient in The Gambia
The introduction of molecular diagnostic methods is crucial for improved understanding of the aetiology and epidemiology of bacterial infections in communities in resource poor settings. A blood sample from a 7 month old patient diagnosed with malaria in 2001 in a Gambian outpatient clinic was reported as culture negative after it was subjected to traditional bacterial culture protocols. We re-addressed the analysis of the blood sample from this case more recently (after 6.5 years in archival storage) in pilot work establishing 16S rRNA PCR in our molecular laboratory. Initial 16S rRNA PCR results confirmed the presence of bacterial DNA in the sample. 16S rRNA sequence analysis identified the organism as Campylobacter spp. In light of the molecular evidence we successfully grew the organism using appropriate culture conditions and subsequently biochemically confirmed that the isolate was Campylobacter jejuni. PCR and DNA sequencing of a set of seven C. jejuni housekeeping genes and in silico Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) analysis revealed that the isolate exhibits a novel sequence type (ST) of C. jejuni (ST 2928) and belongs to ST-443 clonal complex. This study demonstrates the potential for molecular tools to enhance the diagnosis of bacterial infections, which remain a major killer globally, not least in children in the developing world. Improvements in diagnostics are needed, and will be important not only for sick individuals but also for populations, where better measures of disease burden will contribute significantly to the improvement of public health policy
High-Resolution Melting System to Perform Multilocus Sequence Typing of Campylobacter jejuni
Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) has emerged as the state-of-the-art method for resolving bacterial population genetics but it is expensive and time consuming. We evaluated the potential of high resolution melting (HRM) to identify known MLST alleles of Campylobacter jejuni at reduced cost and time. Each MLST locus was amplified in two or three sub fragments, which were analyzed by HRM. The approach was investigated using 47 C. jejuni isolates, previously characterized by classical MLST, representing isolates from diverse environmental, animal and clinical sources and including the six most prevalent sequence types (ST) and the most frequent alleles. HRM was then applied to a validation set of 84 additional C. jejuni isolates from chickens; 92% of the alleles were resolved in 35 hours of laboratory time and the cost of reagents per isolate was 100 for sequence-based typing. HRM has the potential to complement sequence-based methods for resolving SNPs and to facilitate a wide range of genotyping studies
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