Propolis and its use in production animals.

Propolis is a natural product used by humanity during centuries and is administered in many forms. Its usage occurred centuries ago as an apiarian therapy in popular medicine used as an anti-inflammatory agent. More than two hundred chemical compounds have already been identified in propolis. In general, propolis contains 50-60% resins and balsams, 30-40% waxes, 5-10% essential oils, 5% pollen grains, aside from microelements such as aluminum, calcium, strontium, iron, copper, manganese and small amounts of vitamins B1, B2, B6, C and E. Propolis is known mainly for its anti-microbe, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hypoten-sive, healing, anesthetic, anticancer, anti-HIV, and anti-caries properties. Investigations about the antibiotic properties of propolis have mainly been conducted in medical and veterinary medicine areas, where the product has demonstrated efficient bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity in relation to many types of bacteria, however few zootechnical researches related to these biological activities of propolis have been carried out considering the responses of animals.A própolis é um produto natural utilizado durante séculos pela humanidade e administrada sob diversas formas. Sua utilização ocorreu como apiterápico há séculos na medicina popular como agente antiinflamatório. Já foram identificados mais de 200 compostos químicos, de modo geral, a própolis contém 50-60% de resinas e bálsamos, 30-40% de ceras, 5-10% de óleos essenciais, 5% grãos de pólen, além de microelementos como alumínio, cálcio, estrôncio, ferro, cobre, manganês e pequenas quantidades de vitaminas B1, B2, B6, C e E. A própolis é conhecida principalmente, por suas propriedades antimicrobiana, antioxidante, antiinflamatória, imunomodulatória, hipotensiva, cicatrizante, anestésica, anticancerígena, anti-HIV, e anticariogênica. As investigações sobre as propriedades antibióticas da própolis têm sido conduzidas sobre tudo na área médica e veterinária, onde o produto tem demonstrado uma eficiente atividade bacteriostática e bactericida em relação a diversos gêneros de bactérias, porém poucos trabalhos, de ordem zootécnica, têm sido realizados, considerando-se as respostas dos animais, relacionadas a algumas dessas atividades biológicas

Gene expression changes and community turnover differentially shape the global ocean metatranscriptome

Ocean microbial communities strongly influence the biogeochemistry, food webs, and climate of our planet. Despite recent advances in understanding their taxonomic and genomic compositions, little is known about how their transcriptomes vary globally. Here, we present a dataset of 187 metatranscriptomes and 370 metagenomes from 126 globally distributed sampling stations and establish a resource of 47 million genes to study community-level transcriptomes across depth layers from pole-to-pole. We examine gene expression changes and community turnover as the underlying mechanisms shaping community transcriptomes along these axes of environmental variation and show how their individual contributions differ for multiple biogeochemically relevant processes. Furthermore, we find the relative contribution of gene expression changes to be significantly lower in polar than in non-polar waters and hypothesize that in polar regions, alterations in community activity in response to ocean warming will be driven more strongly by changes in organismal composition than by gene regulatory mechanisms