Early carboniferous brachiopod faunas from the Baoshan block, west Yunnan, southwest China

38 brachiopod species in 27 genera and subgenera are described from the Yudong Formation in the Shidian-Baoshan area, west Yunnan, southwest China. New taxa include two new subgenera: Unispirifer (Septimispirifer) and Brachythyrina (Longathyrina), and seven new species: Eomarginifera yunnanensis, Marginatia cylindrica, Unispirifer (Unispirifer) xiangshanensis, Unispirifer (Septimispirifer) wafangjieensis, Brachythyrina (Brachythyrina) transversa, Brachythyrina (Longathyrina) baoshanensis, and Girtyella wafangjieensis. Based on the described material and constraints from associated coral and conodont faunas, the age of the brachiopod fauna from the Yudon Formation is considered late Tournaisian (Early Carboniferous), with a possibility extending into earlyViseacutean.<br /

The ontogeny of nuclear estrogen receptor isoform expression and the effect of 17β-estradiol in embryonic rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Ligand bound nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) acts as a transcription factor regulating the expression of estrogen dependent genes. There are four nuclear ER isoforms in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). The objective of this study was to measure whole body mRNA levels of the two ERα isoforms (α1/α2) and the two ERβ isoforms (β1/β2) in male and female embryos from 50 to 600 degree-days (DD; days post-fertilization × water temperature) and in embryos exposed to vehicle or 17β-estradiol (E2) for 2 h at 230, 240 and 250 DD. All four isoforms were detected at every time point in both sexes. Sexual dimorphism was rarely observed; at 50 DD the level of ERα2 mRNA was significantly greater in males than in females and at 100 DD the level of ERβ1 mRNA was significantly greater in females than in males ( p < 0.05). Expression profiles of the two ERα isoforms were slightly different from one another, whereas the ERβ isoforms exhibited similar expression patterns. The effect of E2 was not different between male and female embryos. The level of ERα1 mRNA increased significantly at 240 DD; a similar but not statistically significant trend was observed at 230 and 250 DD. Despite the critical role of estrogen during sex differentiation in rainbow trout, the receptivity to this hormone as measured by the response in mRNA levels of ER appears to be largely the same between males and females and ERα1 is the only E2 responsive isoform