Antimicrobial, Wound Healing And Antioxidant Activities Of Anthocephalus cadamba

Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. Syn A. chinensis (Lamk) A. Rich (Rubiaceae) is ethnomedicinally widely used in the form of paste by tribe in western Ghats for treating skin diseases. In this context, antimicrobial potential of A. cadamba against a wide range of microorganisms was studied. To validate the ethnotherapeutic claims of the plant in skin diseases, wound healing activity was studied, besides antioxidant activity to understand the mechanism of wound healing. The alchoholic and aqueous extract of this plant showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activity against almost all the organisms: Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and four fungi Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum—dermatophyte fungi, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus nidulans—systemic fungi, with especially good activity against the dermatophyte (Trichophyton rubrum) and some infectious bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus) with an MIC of 2.5 μg/disc. The results show that A. cadamba extract has potent wound healing capacity as shown from the wound contraction and increased tensile strength. The results also indicated that A. cadamba extract possesses potent antioxidant activity by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and increase in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity. Keywords: Anthocephalus cadamba; Antimicrobial activity; Antioxidant; Wound healing;African Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Vol. 4 (4) 2007: pp. 481-48

ANTI-PARKINSON ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF MURRAYA KOENIGII AGAINST PARAQUAT-INDUCED PARKINSONISM IN WISTAR RATS

Objective: The current study evaluates anti-Parkinson’s activity of aqueous extracts of leaves of Murraya koenigii (MK) (AEMK) against paraquat (PQ)-induced Parkinsonism in rats. Methods: In this study, effects of MK (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) were studied using in vivo behavioral parameters such as catalepsy, muscle rigidity, and locomotor activity and its effects on neurochemical parameters malondialdehyde, catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) reductase, GSH peroxidase, and GSH in rats. Results: Parkinson’s disease was induced by administering PQ 10 mg/kg b.w/i.p once in a week for 4 weeks. The increased cataleptic scores were significantly (p<0.001) found to be reduced, with the AEMK in a dose-dependent manner. Chronic administration of PQ significantly induced motor dysfunction (muscle rigidity and hypolocomotion), showed a significant increase in lipid peroxidation level, and depleted the levels of GSH, CAT, and reduced GSH. Daily administration of AEMK significantly improved motor performance and also significantly attenuated oxidative damage. Conclusion: The study proved that MK treatment significantly attenuated motor defects and also protected the brain from oxidative stress

PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF MURRAYA KOENIGII, AGAINST ALUMINUM CHLORIDE-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RAT LIVER AND KIDNEY

Objective: The aim of the current study was to investigate the hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and cholesterol-lowering activity of aqueous extract of Murraya koenigii (MK) leaves against AlCl3-induced oxidative stress in rats. Methods: Wistar albino rats were distributed into six groups (6 each). Group I (control), and Group II administered with distilled water, and aluminum chloride (AlCl3), (40 mg/kg body weight [b.w], oral), respectively. Group III rats were treated with standard Vitamin E (100 mg/kg b.w, p.o) and AlCl3 (40 mg/kg b.w, oral). Group IV, V, and VI received aqueous extract of leaves of Murraya koenigii (AEMK) (100 mg/kg b.w, peroral [p.o], 200 mg/kg b.w, p.o, and 400 mg/kg b.w, p.o), respectively, for a period of 35 days. Results: Histopathological examination was observed deformities in hepatic and renal tissues due to aluminum exposure which augment the aforementioned results. Coadministration of AEMK along with Al significantly restored the serum biomarkers to their near-normal levels and has the ability to overcome Al-induced oxidative stress, manifested by a significant reduction in hepatic and renal malondialdehyde level. It increased cellular antioxidant defense, particularly by increasing GPx, glutathione, GR, and catalase levels, preserved normal hepatic and renal histological architecture. Conclusion: It could be concluded that AEMK has significant radical scavenging activity and can mop up Al-induced toxicity, suggesting hepatoprotective and nephroprotective potential

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION AND HYPERLIPIDEMIA IN TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS IN SOUTHWESTERN REGION OF SAUDI ARABIA: A PHARMACIST PERSPECTIVE

  Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic management of hypertension (HTN) and hyperlipidemia in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Aseer Diabetic Center, southwestern region of Saudi Arabia.Methods: This is a cross-sectional retrospective study in adult T2DM patients. A total number of 343 patient's records was randomly selected from the patient medical records section. Among the 343 T2DM patients, all were hyperlipidemics, and only 228 patients were Hypertensive. The collected raw data were recorded and statistically analyzed with Windows Microsoft Excel 2007. Descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation, and frequencies were performed on the sample, one-way ANOVA was used to analyze the continuous data by using Graphpad software version-5; p≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.Result: The systolic blood pressure (BP) was found to have statistically significant difference (p≤0.0320) after treatment, but there is no statistical difference in diastolic BP. Glycemic control was found to have statistically significant difference (p≤0.0039). Most of the patients were treated with captopril -25 mg (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor class drug). All the lipid profile high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol showed statistically significant difference after treatment except triglycerides. Most of the patients were prescribed with statins for hyperlipidemia.Conclusion: In this study, systolic HTN is better controlled with statistically significant difference compared to diastolic HTN. In the current study, lipid control was better than glycemic control. Updating of the drug formulary to have new therapeutic agents can improve the current status.Keywords: Hyperlipidemia, Hypertension, Saudi Arabia Southwestern region, Therapeutic management, Type 2 diabetes