Оценивание климатической и сезонной составляющих экстремальных температур воздуха на примере вековых наблюдений в Киеве

Осуществлен гармонический анализ сезонных аномалий температуры воздуха с 1901 по 2009 гг. Выделена низкочастотная климатическая и высокочастотная сезонная составляющие аномалий температуры воздуха, оценена их спектральная энергия. Идентифицированы законы статистических распределений циклических трендов климатической и сезонной составляющих. Установлено, что в первой половине прошлого столетия энергия сезонной составляющей превосходила энергию климатической составляющей на 164%, а к концу — только на 70%. Снижение обусловлено ослаблением энергии сезонной составляющей и увеличением энергии климатической составляющей, которые уравняются через (35 ± 5) лет. Вследствие выявленных процессов, вклад сезонной составляющей в экстремально низкие аномалии температуры воздуха в десятки раз превышал вклад климатической составляющей. Сезонная составляющая преобладала на 80–90% в экстремально высоких аномалиях температуры воздуха и аномалиях температуры воздуха, которые были значительно ниже нормы.Здiйснено гармонiчний аналiз сезонних аномалiй температури повiтря з 1901 по 2009 рр. Видiлено низькочастотну клiматичну i високочастотну сезонну складовi аномалiй температури повiтря, оцiнено їх спектральну енергiю. Iдентифiковано закони статистичних розподiлiв циклiчних трендiв клiматичної i сезонної складових. Встановлено, що в першiй половинi минулого столiття енергiя сезонної складової перевищувала енергiю клiматичної складової на 164%, а пiд кiнець — тiльки на 70%. Зниження обумовлено ослабленням енергiї сезонної складової i збiльшенням енергiї клiматичної складової, якi зрiвняються через (35±5) рокiв. Внаслiдок виявлених процесiв, вклад сезонної складової в екстремальнi низькi аномалiї температури повiтря в десятки раз перевищував вклад клiматичної складової. Сезонна складова переважала на 80–90% в екстремальних високих аномалiях температури повiтря та в аномалiях температури повiтря, якi були значно нижче норми.The harmonic analysis of seasonal anomalies of the air temperature is carried out from 1901 till 2009. A low-frequency climatic constituent and a high-frequency seasonal constituent of anomalies of the air temperature are distinguished. Their spectral energy is appraised. The laws of statistical distributions of the cyclic trends of climatic and seasonal constituents are identified. It is found that, in the first half of the last century, the seasonal constituent energy exceeded the energy of the climatic constituent by 164% and only by 70% to the end of the century. A decline is caused by a weakening of the seasonal constituent energy and an increase of the climatic constituent energy, which will be equal in (35±5) yr. Because of the revealed processes, the contribution of the seasonal constituent to extremely small anomalies of the air temperature was by several tens of times more than that of the climatic constituent. The seasonal constituent prevailed by 80–90 % in extremely high anomalies of the air temperature and in temperatures anomalies that were considerably below than the norm

Satellite-Measured Phytoplankton and Environmental Factors in North Patagonian Gulfs

Abstract An extensive series of high-resolution satellite images from the Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS, 2000?2006) was used in thecharacterization of the phytoplankton biomass seasonal cycle of the north Patagoniangulfs (NPG). The NPG system is formed by the San Matías, San José, and Nuevogulfs (between 40°47′and 43°00′S and 63°00′ and 65°1.2′W) and is an area ofecological importance and of great significance for marine conservation in thePatagonian Argentinean Shelf. The spatio temporal variability of phytoplanktonbiomass in each of these environments was characterized by chlorophyll a datafrom satellite images (Chla-sat). The observed seasonal variability was explainedby factors influencing the growth of phytoplankton: photosynthetically availableradiation (PAR from the SeaWiFS sensor) and sea surface temperature (SST fromthe Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer, AVHRR). In situ temperature,nutrient, and chlorophyll a concentration data from oceanographic cruises carriedout in Nuevo (four cruises: 1982?1983), San José (four cruises: 1984?1985), andSan Matías (four cruises: 1986?1994) gulfs were also used to explain the observedpatterns. Cycles of phytoplankton and SST over the NPG are typical of temperatewaters. However, Chla-sat cycles were different among gulfs. At the same time,Chla-sat cycles over the gulfs were different from that over the adjacent middlecontinental shelf. SMG was characterized by a bimodal cycle, although in wintermean values were higher than the mean concentration for the whole area. SJG wascharacterized by a unimodal cycle with relatively high values of chlorophyll aconcentration in spring-summer. NG showed a bimodal cycle with maximum valuesin autumn and spring and minimum values in winter and summer. Particularities ofeach gulf are discussed in relation to the seasonal hydrographic characteristics ofthe water column (temperature and nutrients) and in the context of the Patagonianshelf ecosystem.Fil: Williams, Gabriela Noemí. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Solis, Miriam Edith. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Esteves, Jose Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentin

Biogeochemical responses following coral mass spawning on the Great Barrier Reef: pelagic-benthic coupling

This study quantified how the pulse of organic matter from the release of coral gametes triggered a chain of pelagic and benthic processes during an annual mass spawning event on the Australian Great Barrier Reef. Particulate organic matter (POM) concentrations in reef waters increased by threefold to 11-fold the day after spawning and resulted in a stimulation of pelagic oxygen consumption rates that lasted for at least 1 week. Water column microbial communities degraded the organic carbon of gametes of the broadcast-spawning coral Acropora millepora at a rate of > 15% h(-1), which is about three times faster than the degradation rate measured for larvae of the brooding coral Stylophora pistillata. Stable isotope signatures of POM in the water column reflected the fast transfer of organic matter from coral gametes into higher levels of the food chain, and the amount of POM reaching the seafloor immediately increased after coral spawning and then tailed-off in the next 2 weeks. Short-lasting phytoplankton blooms developed within a few days after the spawning event, indicating a prompt recycling of nutrients released through the degradation of spawning products. These data show the profound effects of coral mass spawning on the reef community and demonstrate the tight recycling of nutrients in this oligotrophic ecosystem

High rates of nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) on coral skeletons following bleaching mortality

Nubbins of the coral Acropora aspera were artificially bleached and nitrogen fixation ( acetylene reduction) rates were measured on the developing epilithic communities. Seasonal comparisons were made between corals that died in summer of heat stress and corals that died in winter from natural cold stress. Rates of acetylene reduction from artificially bleached corals peaked at 26.66 nmol cm(-2) h(-1) 2 weeks after summer mortality, while rates from natural winter mortality peaked at 18.07 nmol cm(-2) h(-1) 12 days after coral death. Comparative rates of acetylene reduction taken from live corals and coral rubble ranged between 0.56 and 1.16 nmol cm(-2) h(-1), and 0.15 and 12.77 nmol cm(-2) h(-1), respectively. N-2-fixation rates from dead corals were up to 30 times greater than those measured on live corals. The observed increase in N-2-fixation from dead corals may increase the availability of nitrogen for use in trophic processes within the reef for an extended period following the initial mortality event. If the spatial scale over which coral mortality has occurred in past thermal bleaching events is considered the ramifications of such an increase may be substantial

Benthic fluxes and nitrate reduction activity in a marine park (Northern San Jorge Gulf) from Patagonia Argentina

The Northern San Jorge Gulf (NSJG) was declared Coastal Marine Park in 2008 with the goal of preserving its biodiversity. In situ benthic fluxes experiments were performed using an opaque chamber in Sara Creek (SC) and Malaspina Creek (MC). Moreover, ex situ nitrate reduction activity was assessed using a continuous flow-through system. Benthic fluxes in MC, showed a consumption of oxygen (794 ± 196 mg m−2 h−1) and nitrate (103 ± 68 µmol m−2 h−1) by sediment and release of ammonium (175 ± 60 µmol m−2 h−1), phosphate (66 ± 10 µmol m−2 h−1) and silicate (116 ± 66 µmol m−2 h−1) towards the water column. In SC, the same pattern was observed and the fluxes values were 375 ± 132, 128 ± 1, 76 ± 12, 39 ± 24 and 133 ± 81, respectively. Only, ammonium and oxygen fluxes showed significant differences between sites, due to the highest organic matter content and the particular hydrodynamic conditions in MC. These are the first benthic flux measurements made within the protected area. Nitrate uptake rate, based on Michaelis–Menten kinetic, was Km: 155.3 µM and Vmax: 0.053 µM g−1 h−1 in SC and Km: 131.2 µM and Vmax: 0.039 µM g−1 h−1 in MC. Considering the nitrate dynamic we concluded that the sediments both SC and MC act as a sink of nitrate. This ion could be principally used as a terminal electron acceptor during the oxidation process of organic compounds in sediments of NSJG.Fil: Torres, Américo Iadran. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Faleschini, Mauricio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Esteves, Jose Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos; Argentin