13,692 research outputs found
Decays of the Meson to a -Wave Charmonium State or
The semileptonic decays,
, and the two-body
nonleptonic decays, , (here and
denote and respectively, and
indicates a meson) were computed. All of the form factors appearing in the
relevant weak-current matrix elements with as its initial state and a
-wave charmonium state as its final state for the decays were precisely
formulated in terms of two independent overlapping-integrations of the
wave-functions of and the -wave charmonium and with proper kinematics
factors being `accompanied'. We found that the decays are quite sizable, so
they may be accessible in Run-II at Tevatron and in the foreseen future at LHC,
particularly, when BTeV and LHCB, the special detectors for B-physics, are
borne in mind. In addition, we also pointed out that the decays may potentially be used as a fresh window to look for the
charmonium state, and the cascade decays,
() with one of the radiative decays
being followed accordingly, may affect
the observations of meson through the decays () substantially.Comment: 24 pages, 3 figures, the replacement for improving the presentation
and adding reference
AUSSAT battery life test program
AUSSAT Pty. Ltd., the Australian National Satellite organization, has contracted with the Hughes Aircraft Company (HAC) for the construction of 3 satellites based on the now familiar HS-376 product line. As part of the AUSSAT contract, HAC is conducting an extensive NiCd battery life test program. The life test program, objectives and test results to date are described. Particular emphasis is given to the evaluation of the FS2117 separator as a future replacement for the Pellon 2505 separator of which only a very limited quantity remains
Deciphering the enigma of undetected species, phylogenetic, and functional diversity based on Good-Turing theory
Estimating the species, phylogenetic, and functional diversity of a community is challenging because rare species are often undetected, even with intensive sampling. The Good-Turing frequency formula, originally developed for cryptography, estimates in an ecological context the true frequencies of rare species in a single assemblage based on an incomplete sample of individuals. Until now, this formula has never been used to estimate undetected species, phylogenetic, and functional diversity. Here, we first generalize the Good-Turing formula to incomplete sampling of two assemblages. The original formula and its two-assemblage generalization provide a novel and unified approach to notation, terminology, and estimation of undetected biological diversity. For species richness, the Good-Turing framework offers an intuitive way to derive the non-parametric estimators of the undetected species richness in a single assemblage, and of the undetected species shared between two assemblages. For phylogenetic diversity, the unified approach leads to an estimator of the undetected Faith\u27s phylogenetic diversity (PD, the total length of undetected branches of a phylogenetic tree connecting all species), as well as a new estimator of undetected PD shared between two phylogenetic trees. For functional diversity based on species traits, the unified approach yields a new estimator of undetected Walker et al.\u27s functional attribute diversity (FAD, the total species-pairwise functional distance) in a single assemblage, as well as a new estimator of undetected FAD shared between two assemblages. Although some of the resulting estimators have been previously published (but derived with traditional mathematical inequalities), all taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity estimators are now derived under the same framework. All the derived estimators are theoretically lower bounds of the corresponding undetected diversities; our approach reveals the sufficient conditions under which the estimators are nearly unbiased, thus offering new insights. Simulation results are reported to numerically verify the performance of the derived estimators. We illustrate all estimators and assess their sampling uncertainty with an empirical dataset for Brazilian rain forest trees. These estimators should be widely applicable to many current problems in ecology, such as the effects of climate change on spatial and temporal beta diversity and the contribution of trait diversity to ecosystem multi-functionality
Spin relaxation dynamics of quasiclassical electrons in ballistic quantum dots with strong spin-orbit coupling
We performed path integral simulations of spin evolution controlled by the
Rashba spin-orbit interaction in the semiclassical regime for chaotic and
regular quantum dots. The spin polarization dynamics have been found to be
strikingly different from the D'yakonov-Perel' (DP) spin relaxation in bulk
systems. Also an important distinction have been found between long time spin
evolutions in classically chaotic and regular systems. In the former case the
spin polarization relaxes to zero within relaxation time much larger than the
DP relaxation, while in the latter case it evolves to a time independent
residual value. The quantum mechanical analysis of the spin evolution based on
the exact solution of the Schroedinger equation with Rashba SOI has confirmed
the results of the classical simulations for the circular dot, which is
expected to be valid in general regular systems. In contrast, the spin
relaxation down to zero in chaotic dots contradicts to what have to be expected
from quantum mechanics. This signals on importance at long time of the
mesoscopic echo effect missed in the semiclassical simulations.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figure
Mutator Dynamics on a Smooth Evolutionary Landscape
We investigate a model of evolutionary dynamics on a smooth landscape which
features a ``mutator'' allele whose effect is to increase the mutation rate. We
show that the expected proportion of mutators far from equilibrium, when the
fitness is steadily increasing in time, is governed solely by the transition
rates into and out of the mutator state. This results is a much faster rate of
fitness increase than would be the case without the mutator allele. Near the
fitness equilibrium, however, the mutators are severely suppressed, due to the
detrimental effects of a large mutation rate near the fitness maximum. We
discuss the results of a recent experiment on natural selection of E. coli in
the light of our model.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Perception of nonnative tonal contrasts by Mandarin-English and English-Mandarin sequential bilinguals
This study examined the role of acquisition order and crosslinguistic similarity in influencing transfer at the initial stage of perceptually acquiring a tonal third language (L3). Perception of tones in Yoruba and Thai was tested in adult sequential bilinguals representing three different first (L1) and second language (L2) backgrounds: L1 Mandarin-L2 English (MEBs), L1 English-L2 Mandarin (EMBs), and L1 English-L2 intonational/non-tonal (EIBs). MEBs outperformed EMBs and EIBs in discriminating L3 tonal contrasts in both languages, while EMBs showed a small advantage over EIBs on Yoruba. All groups showed better overall discrimination in Thai than Yoruba, but group differences were more robust in Yoruba. MEBs’ and EMBs’ poor discrimination of certain L3 contrasts was further reflected in the L3 tones being perceived as similar to the same Mandarin tone; however, EIBs, with no knowledge of Mandarin, showed many of the same similarity judgments. These findings thus suggest that L1 tonal experience has a particularly facilitative effect in L3 tone perception, but there is also a facilitative effect of L2 tonal experience. Further, crosslinguistic perceptual similarity between L1/L2 and L3 tones, as well as acoustic similarity between different L3 tones, play a significant role at this early stage of L3 tone acquisition.Published versio
Gamma photons from parametric resonance in neutron stars
Shock waves in cold nuclear matter, e.g. those induced by a collision of two
neutron stars, can generate a large number of gamma photons via parametric
resonance. We study the resonant production of gamma rays inside a shocked
neutron star and discuss the possible astrophysical consequences of this
phenomenon.Comment: 5 pages, ReVTeX, 5 figures inserted with epsf; replaced with a final
version (minor changes
Current-induced Spin Polarization in Two-Dimensional Hole Gas
We investigate the current-induced spin polarization in the two-dimensional
hole gas (2DHG) with the structure inversion asymmetry. By using the
perturbation theory, we re-derive the effective -cubic Rashba Hamiltonian
for 2DHG and the generalized spin operators accordingly. Then based on the
linear response theory we calculate the current-induced spin polarization both
analytically and numerically with the disorder effect considered. We have found
that, quite different from the two-dimensional electron gas, the spin
polarization in 2DHG depends linearly on Fermi energy in the low doping regime,
and with increasing Fermi energy, the spin polarization may be suppressed and
even changes its sign. We predict a pronounced peak of the spin polarization in
2DHG once the Fermi level is somewhere between minimum points of two spin-split
branches of the lowest light-hole subband. We discuss the possibility of
measurements in experiments as regards the temperature and the width of quantum
wells.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures, submitted to PR
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