Predator Mimicry: Metalmark Moths Mimic Their Jumping Spider Predators

Cases of mimicry provide many of the nature's most convincing examples of natural selection. Here we report evidence for a case of predator mimicry in which metalmark moths in the genus Brenthia mimic jumping spiders, one of their predators. In controlled trials, Brenthia had higher survival rates than other similarly sized moths in the presence of jumping spiders and jumping spiders responded to Brenthia with territorial displays, indicating that Brenthia were sometimes mistaken for jumping spiders, and not recognized as prey. Our experimental results and a review of wing patterns of other insects indicate that jumping spider mimicry is more widespread than heretofore appreciated, and that jumping spiders are probably an important selective pressure shaping the evolution of diurnal insects that perch on vegetation

Aberrant T-cell ontogeny and defective thymocyte and colonic T-cell chemotactic migration in colitis-prone Gαi2-deficient mice

Gαi2-deficient mice, which spontaneously develop colitis, have previously been reported to have an increased frequency of mature, single positive thymocytes compared to wild-type mice. In this study we further characterized the intrathymic changes in these mice before and during overt colitis. Even before the onset of colitis, Gαi2–/– thymi weighed less and contained fewer thymocytes, and this was exacerbated with colitis development. Whereas precolitic Gαi2–/– mice had unchanged thymocyte density compared to Gαi2+/– mice of the same age, this was significantly decreased in mice with colitis. Thymic atrophy in Gαi2–/– mice involved mainly the cortex. Using a five-stage phenotypic characterization of thymocyte maturation based on expression of CD4, CD8, TCRαβ, CD69 and CD62L, we found that both precolitic and colitic Gαi2–/– mice had significantly increased frequencies of mature single-positive CD4+ and CD8+ medullary thymocytes, and significantly reduced frequencies and total numbers of immature CD4+ CD8+ double-positive thymocytes compared to Gαi2+/– mice. Furthermore, cortical and transitional precolitic Gαi2–/– thymocytes showed significantly reduced chemotactic migration towards CXCL12, and a trend towards reduced migration to CCL25, compared to wild-type thymocytes, a feature even more pronounced in colitic mice. This impaired chemotactic migration of Gαi2–/– thymocytes could not be reversed by increased chemokine concentrations. Gαi2–/– thymocytes also showed reduced expression of the CCL25 receptor CCR9, but not CXCR4, the receptor, for CXCL12. Finally, wild-type colonic lamina propria lymphocytes migrated in response to CXCL12, but not CCL25 and, as with thymocytes, the chemokine responsiveness was significantly reduced in Gαi2–/– mucosal lymphocytes