Assessing the environmental impacts of construction in Antarctica

[Excerpt] Introduction: The origin of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was in 1969, as part of the US National Environmental Policy Act which imposed the obligation of all federal agencies to evaluate the potential impacts of activities on the environment (Ortolano and Shepherd, 1995). Its emergence coincided with the recognition of the fact that human activities could lead to changes in the natural setting (Morgan, 2012). The EIA is a procedure to identify, predict, investigate, evaluate and mitigate impacts from activities that are likely to have substantial effects on the environment. The evaluation must happen during the design and planning phase and can be done in different approaches such as interaction matrices, prediction of impacts, investigation and decision-making by government agencies (Toro et al., 2013). Recognized and used by many countries, the EIA methods are based on systematic environmental studies, in addition to relying on the support of a public consultation to assess project execution (Jay et al., 2007). The EIA have contributed to monitoring the development of environmental protection projects, the implementation of environmental laws and mainly as an instrument that assists decision-making in several administrative spheres (Morgan, 2012). [...]The authors gratefully acknowledge support received from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) and Programa Antartico Brasileiro (PROANTAR)

International Social Survey Programme: Citizenship II - ISSP 2014

Citizen and state. Topics: Qualities of a good citizen; attitude towards the right of public meetings for religious extremists, people who want to overthrow the government by force, or people prejudiced against any racial or ethnic group; social and political participation; frequency of media use to get political news or information; number of people the respondent has contact with in a typical week day; active and passive memberships in different kinds of groups or associations (a political party, a trade union, business, or professional association, a church or other religious organization, a sports, leisure or cultural group); importance of different people´s rights in democracy (scale); suggestibility of the political system and personal level of information about politics; estimation of political influence possibilities (political efficacy): likeliness of counter-action against an unjust law and expected chance of serious attention to people´s demand; interest in politics; left-right self-placement; trust in politicians and people in government; estimation of people’s fairness; frequency of political discussions with friends; opinion leadership in politics; political parties encourage people to become active in politics; real policy choice between parties; attitude towards a referendum as a good way to decide important political questions; level of honesty and fairness in the last national election; commitment to serve people in public service; corruption in the public service; functioning of democracy in the country at present, in the past and in the future.Optional: frequencies of media use (read the political content of a newspaper, watch political news on television, listen to political news on the radio, use the Internet to get political news or information). Demography: Sex; age; year of birth; years in school; education (country specific); highest completed degree; work status; hours worked weekly; employment relationship; number of employees; supervision of employees; number of supervised employees; type of organization: for-profit vs. non profit and public vs. private; occupation (ISCO-08); main employment status; living in steady partnership; union membership; religious affiliation or denomination (country specific); groups of religious denominations; attendance of religious services; top-bottom self-placement; vote in last general election; country specific party voted in last general election; party voted (left-right); self-assessed affiliation of ethnic group 1 and 2 (country specific); number of children; number of toddlers; size of household; earnings of respondent (country specific); family income (country specific); father´s and mother´s country of birth; marital status; place of living: urban – rural; region (country specific). Information about spouse/partner on: Work status; hours worked weekly; employment relationship; supervises other employees; occupation (ISCO-08); main employment status. Additionally encoded: Date of interview; case substitution flag; weight; mode of data collection; group (participation in data collection mixed mode experiment)

International Social Survey Programme: Religion I-III ADD ON - ISSP 1991-1998-2008

The release of the cumulated ISSP ´Religion´ modules for the years 1991, 1998 and 2008 consists of two separate datasets: ZA5070 and ZA5071. This documentation deals with the supplementary dataset ZA5071. It contains all those, mainly national-specific background variables that belong to the current ISSP standard, but could not be cumulated for various reasons. The variables, however, can be matched easily to the cumulated file if necessary. A comprehensive overview on the contents, the structure and basic coding rules of both data files can be found in the following guide: Guide for the ISSP ´Religion´ cumulation of the years 1991, 1998 and 2008 Religion - (non-cumulated background variables of the individual modules) Variables for all countries and modules if available: country-specific education and degree; country-specific occupation (respondent as well as partner); earnings of respondent (country specific); family income (country-specific); country-specific party affiliation; size of community (country-specific); country of origin or ethnic group affiliation (country-specific); type of community: urban-rural area. Single variables: spouse’s working for private or public sector or self-employed 2008; self-placement on a top-bottom scale 2008, administrative mode of data-collection 2008, case substitution flag 2008

International Social Survey Programme: Health and Health Care - ISSP 2011

Beurteilung des Gesundheitssystems im Land. Persönliche Gesundheit.Gesundheitsversicherung. Themen: Lebenszufriedenheit (Glücklichsein); Vertrauen in dasBildungssystem und das Gesundheitssystem des Landes; Forderung nacheiner Änderung des Gesundheitssystems; Rechtfertigung besserermedizinischer Versorgung und Bildung für Personen mit höheremEinkommen; Beurteilung des Gesundheitssystems des Landes (Skala:Einschätzung der Verbesserung des Gesundheitssystems, Beanspruchung vonGesundheitsleistungen über den notwendigen Bedarf hinweg,Bereitstellung von Basisgesundheitsleistungen durch den Staat,ineffizientes Gesundheitssystem); Bereitschaft zur Zahlung höhererSteuern zur Erhöhung der Gesundheitsversorgung für alle im Land;Einstellung zur öffentlichen Finanzierung von vorbeugendenmedizinischen Checks, Behandlung von HIV/AIDS, Programmen zurVerhinderung von Fettleibigkeit sowie Organtransplantationen;Einstellung zum Zugang zu staatlich geförderter Gesundheitsversorgungfür Menschen mit fremder Staatsbürgerschaft bzw. selbstschädigendemGesundheitsverhalten; geschätzter Anteil von Menschen ohne Zugang zumGesundheitssystem; Ursachen schwerwiegender Gesundheitsprobleme(gesundheitsschädliches Verhalten, Umwelt, Gene, Armut); Einstellung zurBereitstellung einer Herzoperation für Patienten, die rauchen, dieschon alt sind sowie bei solchen mit jungen Kindern; Einstellung zualternativer Medizin (bessere Lösungen für Gesundheitsprobleme alskonventionelle Medizin, verspricht mehr als sie halten kann);allgemeine Beurteilung von Ärzten im Land (Skala: vertrauenswürdig,diskutieren sämtliche Behandlungsoptionen mit ihren Patienten, geringemedizinische Fähigkeiten, kümmern sich mehr um ihr Einkommen als umihre Patienten, Offenheit im Umgang mit Behandlungsfehlern); Häufigkeitvon Problemen in den letzten vier Wochen: in Bezug auf Arbeit oderHaushaltsaktivitäten aufgrund gesundheitlicher Probleme, körperlichstarke Schmerzen, Unglücklichsein und Depressionen, Verlust desSelbstvertrauens und unüberwindliche Probleme; Häufigkeit vonArztbesuchen und von Besuchen bei alternativen Heilpraktikern imletzten Jahr; Krankenhausaufenthalt im letzten Jahr; Gründe für nichterhaltene notwendige medizinische Behandlung (Zahlungsschwierigkeiten,zeitliche Schwierigkeiten oder andere Verpflichtungen, erforderlicheBehandlung ist am Wohnort nicht verfügbar, zu lange Wartelisten);Wahrscheinlichkeit des Zugangs zur bestmöglichen Behandlung im Land beieiner schweren Krankheit und zu freier Arztwahl; Zufriedenheit mit demGesundheitssystem im Land; Zufriedenheit mit dem letzten Arztbesuch,bei alternativen Heilpraktikern und mit dem letztenKrankenhausaufenthalt; Anzahl täglich gerauchter Zigaretten; Häufigkeitdes Konsums von vier oder mehr alkoholischen Getränken pro Tag;Häufigkeit anstrengender körperlicher Aktivitäten und des Konsums vonObst und Gemüse; Selbsteinschätzung der Gesundheit; chronischeKrankheit oder Behinderung; Größe und Gewicht; Art der persönlichenGesundheitsversicherung; Beurteilung des Schutzes der persönlichenGesundheitsversicherung. Optionale Fragen: Gesundheitsversicherung deckt ab: verordneteMedikamente, zahnmedizinische Versorgung und Krankenhausaufenthalte;Notwendigkeit einer Überweisung des Hausarztes vor dem Besuch einesFacharztes; Einschränkung sozialer Aktivitäten wegen gesundheitlicherProbleme. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Geburtsjahr; Jahre der Schulbildung;Schulbildung (länderspezifisch); höchster Bildungsgrad;Erwerbstätigkeit; Wochenarbeitszeit; Beschäftigungsverhältnis;Beschäftigtenzahl; Vorgesetztenfunktion; Anzahl der beaufsichtigtenBeschäftigten; Art der Organisation; Beruf (ISCO-88);Haupterwerbsstatus; Zusammenleben mit einem Partner;Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; Konfession (länderspezifisch);Konfessionsgruppen; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Selbsteinschätzung auf einerOben-unten-Skala; Wahlbeteiligung bei der letzten Wahl und gewähltePartei (länderspezifisch); Einschätzung der gewählten Parteilinks-rechts; Ethnizität (länderspezifisch); Kinderzahl;Haushaltsgröße; Einkommen des Befragten (länderspezifisch);Haushaltseinkommen (länderspezifisch); Familienstand;Urbanisierungsgrad; Region (länderspezifisch). Für den Ehepartner bzw. Partner wurde erfragt: Erwerbstätigkeit;Wochenarbeitszeit; Beschäftigungsverhältnis; Vorgesetztenfunktion;Beruf (ISCO-88); Haupterwerbsstatus. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Interviewdatum; Case substitution flag;Erhebungsmethode; Gewichtungsfaktor

International Social Survey Programme: Work Orientations IV - ISSP 2015

Attitude towards work. Work orientation. Conflict and social exclusion. Subjective experience of job. Work satisfaction. Non-standard employment. Work life balance. Job and working flexibility. Human capital. Outcome of work. Employability, new job. Topics: work centrality (a job is just a way of earning money vs. would enjoy having a paid job even if the money is not needed); importance of selected demands of a job like job security, high income, etc. (work values); work life balance: willingness to give up good job opportunities for the benefit of the family; willingness to remain in a job that is not satisfying for the benefit of the family; conflict and social exclusion: experience of discrimination with regard to work, for instance when applying for a job; main reason for the discrimination; experience of harassment at the workplace by superiors or co-workers (for example bullying, physical or psychological abuse); solidarity and conflict with regard to trade unions (workers need strong trade unions to protect their interests vs. strong trade unions are bad for the country´s economy); preferred employment arrangements (full-time, part-time, less than 10 hours a week, no paid job at all); currently working for pay (employment status); preference for more work (and money) or for reduction in working hours (work longer hours and earn more money, work the same number of hours and earn the same money, or work fewer hours and earn less money); characteristics (social dimension) of own job; subjective experience of job: frequency of hard physical work and stressful work; non-standard employment: frequency of working at home during the usual working hours and working on weekends; job and working flexibility concerning starting and finishing times; non-standard employment: usual working schedule in the main job; job and working flexibility: organisation of daily work (free decision, decision within certain limits, no free decision); work life balance: difficult to take an hour off during working hours to take care of personal or family matters; demands of the job interfere with the family life and the demands of family life interfere with the job; human capital: usefulness of the abilities learned from past work experience for the present job; job training over the past twelve months to improve job skills; judgement on the relations between management and employees and the relations between workmates/ colleagues (working atmosphere); outcome of work: work satisfaction in the main job; identification with firm or organisation; occupational commitment (would change the present type of work for something different, proud of the present type of work); employability/ new job: expected difficulties in finding a new job at least as good as the current one; likeliness of job search in the next twelve months; worried about the possibility of losing own job; job and working flexibility: accepted concessions to avoid unemployment (acceptance of a job that requires new skills, acceptance of a lower paid position, acceptance of temporary employment, longer travel to reach the place of work, movement within the country, movement to a different country); existence of a side job in addition to the main job; earning from the additional job(s) in total compared with the main job. Respondents who are not currently employed were asked: ever worked for pay for one year or more; month and year the last paid job ended; work satisfaction in the last job; main reason for the end of last employment; interest in finding a paid job; expected difficulties in finding a new job; worried about the possibility of not finding a job; accepted concessions in order to get a job (acceptance of a job that requires new skills, acceptance of a lower paid position, acceptance of temporary employment, longer travel to reach the place of work, movement within the country, movement to a different country); job seeking activities in the past twelve months and training to improve own job skills; currently looking for a job; main source of economic support; worried about the possibility of losing this main economic support. Optional items: recent work histories: ever worked for pay over the past five years; experience of selected changes in working life (unemployment for a period longer than three months, change of the employer, change of the occupation, started own business/ became self-employed, took up an additional job); self-assessment of current financial situation; change of current financial situation compared to five years ago; expected financial situation in five years; attitude towards senior citizens´ work (good for the country´s economy, employed people aged 60 and over take jobs away from younger people). Optional background variable: self-assessment of physical and mental health. Additional compulsory background variable: age of the youngest child in the household. Demography: sex; age; year of birth; years in school; education (country specific); highest completed degree; work status; hours worked weekly; employment relationship; number of employees; supervision of employees; number of supervised employees; type of organisation: for-profit vs. non profit and public vs. private; occupation (ISCO-08); main employment status; living in steady partnership; union membership; religious affiliation or denomination (country specific); groups of religious denominations; attendance of religious services; top-bottom self-placement; vote in last general election; country specific party voted in last general election; party voted (left-right); self-assessed affiliation of ethnic group 1 and 2 (country specific); number of children; number of toddlers; size of household; earnings of respondent (country specific); family income (country specific); father´s and mother´s country of birth; marital status; place of living: urban – rural; region (country specific). Information about spouse/ partner on: work status; hours worked weekly; employment relationship; supervises other employees; occupation (ISCO-08); main employment status. Additionally encoded: respondent-ID number; date of interview (year, month, day); case substitution flag; mode of data collection; weight

International Social Survey Programme: Social Inequality IV - ISSP 2009

Social inequality. Themes: Importance of social background, merit, discrimination,corruption and good relations as prerequisites for success in society(wealthy family, well-educated parents, good education, ambitions, hardworking, knowing the right people, political connections, givingbribes, person´s race and religion, gender); attitude towards equalityof educational opportunity in one´s country (corruption as criteria forsocial mobility, only students from the best secondary schools have agood chance to obtain a university education, only rich people canafford the costs of attending university, same chances for everyone toenter university, regardless of gender, ethnicity or socialbackground); opinion about own salary: actual occupational earning isadequate; estimation of actual and reasonable earnings for occupationalgroups: doctor, chairman of a large national corporation, shopassistant, unskilled worker in a factory, cabinet minister in thenational government; income differences are too large in therespondent´s country; responsibility of government to reduce incomedifferences; government should provide a decent standard of living forthe unemployed and spend less on benefits for poor people; demand forhigher taxes for people with high incomes; opinion on taxes for peoplewith high income; justification of better medical supply and bettereducation for people with higher income; perception of class conflictsbetween social groups in the country (poor and rich people, workingclass and middle class, management and workers, people at the top ofsociety and people at the bottom); self-assessment and assessment ofthe family the respondent grew up in on a top-bottom-scale; socialposition compared to father (social mobility); salary criteria (scale:responsibility, education, needed support for family and children,quality of job performance or hard work at the job); feeling of a justpayment; characterisation of the actual and the desired social systemof the country, measured by classification on pyramid diagrams (imageof society). Demography: sex; age; marital status; steady life partner; years ofschooling; highest education level; country specific education anddegree; current employment status (respondent and partner); hoursworked weekly; occupation (ISCO 1988) (respondent and partner);supervising function at work; working for private or public sector orself-employed (respondent and partner); if self-employed: number ofemployees; trade union membership; earnings of respondent (countryspecific); family income (country specific); size of household;household composition; party affiliation (left-right); country specificparty affiliation; participation in last election; religiousdenomination; religious main groups; attendance of religious services;self-placement on a top-bottom scale; region (country specific); sizeof community (country specific); type of community: urban-rural area;country of origin or ethnic group affiliation; occupation status andprofession of respondent´s father and mother during the youth of therespondent (ISCO 88); number of books in the parental home during theyouth of the respondent (cultural resources); occupational status andprofession in the first job and the current job (ISCO 88 and workingtype); self-assessment of the social class; estimated amount of familywealth (monetary value of assets); work orientation:self-characterisation at this time and in the youth of the respondentconcerning his performance at work respectively at school. Additionally coded: administrative mode of data-collection; weightingfactor; case substitution

International Social Survey Programme: Religion I-III - ISSP 1991-1998-2008

Die Kumulation der ISSP-Studien aus den Jahren 1991, 1998 und 2008besteht aus zwei Datensätzen: ZA5070 und ZA5071. Die vorliegendeStudienbeschreibung bezieht sich auf den Datensatz ZA5070. Er enthältalle kumulierten inhaltlichen sowie Demographievariablen. DerZusatzdatensatz ZA5071 enthält dagegen jene, meist länderspezifischenVariablen, die aus den verschiedensten Gründen nicht kumulierbar waren.Diese Variablen können jedoch, wenn nötig, sehr leicht in denHauptdatensatz integriert werden. Einen umfassenden Überblick über denAufbau der Kumulation, die Variablen und die wichtigstenKodierungsentscheidungen bietet das nachfolgende pdf-Dokument: Guide for the ISSP ´Religion´ cumulation of the years 1991, 1998 and 2008 Einstellung zur religiösen Praxis. Themen: Einschätzung des persönlichen Glücksgefühls; Verantwortung desStaates für die Bereitstellung von Arbeitsplätzen und den Abbau vonUnterschieden zwischen Reich und Arm; Einstellung zu vorehelichemGeschlechtsverkehr und zu außerehelichem Geschlechtsverkehr (Ehebruch);Einstellung zu homosexuellen Beziehungen zwischen Erwachsenen;Einstellung zu Abtreibung im Falle von Behinderung oder Krankheit desBabys und im Falle geringen Einkommens der Familie; Rollenverständnisin der Ehe; Einstellung zum Steuerbetrug und zur Angabe falscherInformationen zum Erhalt staatlicher Sozialleistungen;Institutionenvertrauen (Parlament, Unternehmen und Industrie, Kircheund religiöse Organisationen, Gerichte und Rechtssystem, Schulen undBildungssystem); Einstellung zum Einfluss von religiösen Führern aufWähler und Regierung; Beurteilung der Macht von Kirchen und religiösenOrganisationen im Lande; Zweifel oder fester Glaube an Gott (SkalaDeismus); Glaube an: ein Leben nach dem Tod, Himmel, Hölle, Wunder;Einstellung zur Bibel; Einstellung zu einer höheren Wahrheit und zumSinn des Lebens (Gott kümmert sich um jeden Menschen persönlich, nurwenig persönlicher Einfluss auf das Leben möglich (Fatalismus), Lebenhat nur einen Sinn aufgrund der Existenz Gottes, Leben dient keinemZweck, eigenes Tun verleiht dem Leben Sinn); jeder gestaltet seinSchicksal selbst; Bekehrung zum Glauben nach einem Schlüsselerlebnis;Religion der Mutter, des Vaters und des Ehepartners bzw. Partners;Religion, mit der der Befragte aufgewachsen ist; Kirchgangshäufigkeitdes Vaters und der Mutter in der Kindheit des Befragten; persönlicheKirchgangshäufigkeit in der Jugend; Häufigkeit des Betens und derTeilnahme an religiösen Aktivitäten; Selbsteinschätzung derReligiosität und Spiritualität; Glaube an Glücksbringer, Wahrsager,Gesundbeter und Horoskope; Erlebnis von Wiedergeburt; Konzept von Gott(semantisches Differential: Mutter/Vater, Herr und Meister/Ehepartner,Richter/Liebender, Freund/König); Weltimage: Schlechtes versus Gutes,der Mensch ist gut versus korrupt; Personenvertrauen; Einstellung zuWissenschaft und Religion (Skala: moderne Wissenschaft bringt mehrSchaden als Nutzen, zu viel Vertrauen in die Wissenschaft und zu wenigreligiöses Vertrauen, Religionen bringen mehr Konflikte als Frieden,Intoleranz von Menschen mit starken religiösen Überzeugungen); Wahrheitin einer oder in allen Religionen; demokratische oder göttliche Gesetzeals Grundlage für Entscheidungen zwischen richtig und falsch. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Familienstand; Zusammenleben mit einemPartner; Jahre der Schulbildung, höchster Bildungsabschluss;derzeitiger Beschäftigungsstatus des Befragten und seines Partners;Wochenarbeitszeit; Beruf (ISCO-88) des Befragten und seines Partners;Vorgesetztenfunktion; Beschäftigung im privaten oder öffentlichenDienst oder Selbständigkeit; Selbständige wurden gefragt: Anzahl derBeschäftigten; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; Haushaltsgröße;Haushaltszusammensetzung; Parteipräferenz (links-rechts),länderspezifische Parteipräferenz; Wahlbeteiligung bei der letztenWahl; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Konfession (länderspezifisch); Selbsteinstufung auf einer Oben-Unten-Skala; Region (länderspezifisch). Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Gewichtungsfaktoren