48 research outputs found

    Controversial issues on EEG after sleep deprivation for the diagnosis of epilepsy

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    EEG after sleep deprivation (SD-EEG) is widely used in many epilepsy centers as an important tool in the epilepsy diagnosis process. However, after more than 40 years of use, there are a number of issues which still need to be clarified concerning its features and role. In particular, the many scientific papers addressing its role in epilepsy diagnosis often differ remarkably from each other in terms of the type of patients assessed, their description and study design. Furthermore, also the length and the type of EEG performed after SD, as well as the length of SD itself, vary dramatically from one study to another. In this paper we shortly underscore the abovementioned differences among the different reports, as well as some interpretations of the findings obtained in the different studies. This analysis emphasizes, if needed, how SD-EEG still represents a crucial step in epilepsy diagnosis, and how additional, controlled studies might further shape its precise diagnostic/prognostic role

    Sleep in Frontotemporal Dementia is Equally or Possibly More Disrupted, and at an Earlier Stage, When Compared to Sleep in Alzheimer's Disease

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    Background: Conversely to other neurodegenerative diseases (i.e., Alzheimer's disease, AD), sleep in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) has not been studied adequately. Although some evidence exists that sleep-wake disturbances occur in FTD, very little is known regarding sleep macrostructure and/or primary sleep disorders. Objective: To investigate these issues in this population and compare them to similar issues in AD and in healthy elderly (HE). Methods: Twelve drug-naïve behavioral-variant FTD (bvFTD) patients (7 men/5 women) of mean age 62.5 ± 8.6 years were compared to seventeen drug-naïve AD patients (9 men/8 women) of mean age 69.0 ± 9.9 years and twenty drug-naïve HE (12 men/8 women) of mean age 70.2 ± 12.5 years. All participants were fully assessed clinically, through a sleep questionnaire, an interview, and video-polysomnography recordings. Results: The two patient groups were comparably cognitively impaired. However, compared to FTD patients, the AD patients had a statistically significant longer disease duration. Overall, the sleep profile was better preserved in HE. Sleep complaints did not differ considerably between the two patient groups. Sleep parameters and sleep macrostructure were better preserved in AD compared to FTD patients, regardless of primary sleep disorders, which occurred equally in the two groups. Conclusions: With respect to AD, FTD patients had several sleep parameters similarly or even more affected by neurodegeneration, but in a much shorter time span. The findings probably indicate a centrally originating sleep deregulation. Since in FTD patients sleep disturbances may be obvious from an early stage of their disease, and possibly earlier than in AD patients, physicians and caregivers should be alert for the early detection and treatment of these symptoms

    Daytime sleepiness in de novo untreated patients with epilepsy.

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    The aims of our study were to evaluate excessive daytime sleepiness in a group of de novo untreated people with epilepsy using a comprehensive and standardized approach, including subjective evaluation and neurophysiological and performance tests, and to compare these results with those obtained in a control group. Forty-seven patients with epilepsy (17 affected by primary generalized epilepsy and 30 by partial epilepsy), with a new epilepsy diagnosis and never treated, and 44 controls underwent Multiple Sleep Latency Test (preceded by nocturnal polysomnography), simple/complex visual reaction times, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale evaluation. Newly diagnosed and drug-free patients with epilepsy did not differ from controls in any of the tests performed to evaluate daytime sleepiness. In clinical practice, daytime sleepiness is a well-known and frequent complaint of patients with epilepsy, but different mechanisms and causes, such as associated psychiatric or sleep disorders, nocturnal seizures, sleep fragmentation, and antiepileptic drugs, must be taken into account. Excessive daytime sleepiness should not be considered an unavoidable consequence of epilepsy. Thus, a complete diagnostic work-up in patients with epilepsy and sleepiness should be undertaken whenever possible

    Image-Guided Intraoperative Assessment of Surgical Margins in Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Cancer: A Diagnostic Test Accuracy Review

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    (1) Background: The assessment of resection margins during surgery of oral cavity squamous cell cancer (OCSCC) dramatically impacts the prognosis of the patient as well as the need for adjuvant treatment in the future. Currently there is an unmet need to improve OCSCC surgical margins which appear to be involved in around 45% cases. Intraoperative imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and intraoral ultrasound (ioUS), have emerged as promising tools in guiding surgical resection, although the number of studies available on this subject is still low. The aim of this diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) review is to investigate the accuracy of intraoperative imaging in the assessment of OCSCC margins. (2) Methods: By using the Cochrane-supported platform Review Manager version 5.4, a systematic search was performed on the online databases MEDLINE-EMBASE-CENTRAL using the keywords "oral cavity cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, tongue cancer, surgical margins, magnetic resonance imaging, intraoperative, intra-oral ultrasound". (3) Results: Ten papers were identified for full-text analysis. The negative predictive value (cutoff < 5 mm) for ioUS ranged from 0.55 to 0.91, that of MRI ranged from 0.5 to 0.91; accuracy analysis performed on four selected studies showed a sensitivity ranging from 0.07 to 0.75 and specificity ranging from 0.81 to 1. Image guidance allowed for a mean improvement in free margin resection of 35%. (4) Conclusions: IoUS shows comparable accuracy to that of ex vivo MRI for the assessment of close and involved surgical margins, and should be preferred as the more affordable and reproducible technique. Both techniques showed higher diagnostic yield if applied to early OCSCC (T1-T2 stages), and when histology is favorable

    Ipsilateral motor evoked potentials in a patient with unihemispheric cortical atrophy due to Rasmussen encephalitis

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    The role of the ipsilaterally descending motor pathways in the recovery mechanisms after unilateral hemispheric damage is still poorly understood. Motor output reorganization was investigated in a 56-year-old male patient with acquired unilateral hemispheric atrophy due to Rasmussen encephalitis. In particular, the ipsilateral corticospinal pathways were explored using focal transcranial magnetic stimulation. In the first dorsal interosseous and wrist extensors muscles, the median amplitudes of the ipsilateral motor evoked potentials induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation in the patient were higher than those of 10 age-matched healthy control subjects. In the biceps brachii muscle, the median amplitudes of the ipsilateral motor evoked potentials were the second largest in the patient compared to the controls. This study demonstrated a reinforcement of ipsilateral motor projections from the unaffected motor cortex to the hemiparetic hand in a subject with acquired unihemispheric cortical damage

    L'EEG dopo deprivazione di sonno nell'epilessia del lobo temporale: ruolo del cyclic alternating pattern

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    Nonostante le metodiche strumentali rivestano un ruolo di primo piano nel work-up diagnostico dell’epilessia, fino al 50% degli elettroencefalogrammi (EEG) basali eseguiti su pazienti con clinica suggestiva risulta nella norma o presenta soltanto reperti aspecifici. Negli anni, sono state proposte varie metodiche allo scopo di migliorare la sensibilità diagnostica dell’elettroencefalografia: tra queste, l’EEG dopo deprivazione di sonno si è rivelato in grado di evidenziare anomalie fino nel 50% dei pazienti con un primo EEG basale negativo. Nonostante l’ormai consolidato ruolo diagnostico dell’EEG dopo deprivazione di sonno, le basi neurofisiologiche del suo effetto facilitatorio non sono ancora state del tutto chiarite. Con l'obiettivo di valutare se il sonno mattutino dopo deprivazione di sonno (SD-EEG), confrontato con il sonno notturno (n-PSG), presenti un effetto facilitatorio per se sulla comparsa di anomalie intercritiche (IED) e se tale fenomeno possa essere correlato a modificazioni della microstruttura del sonno, valutata attraverso il Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP), abbiamo retrospettivamente valutato 13 pazienti con epilessia del lobo temporale (TLE) che nel corso del work-up diagnostico avevano eseguito polisonnografia notturna completa ed EEG dopo deprivazione parziale (dalle 2 del mattino) di sonno notturno, secondo il protocollo adottato presso il nostro Centro. Per entrambe le registrazioni sono state analizzate macrostruttura e microstruttura del sonno, secondo il modello del CAP e, per i primi cicli NREM/REM, sono state individuate le IED, ottenendo i seguenti parametri: Spike Index (SI, IED/h), variabili macrostrutturali standard e microstrutturali (tra cui CAP rate, A1 index, A2 index, A3 index). L’analisi della macrostruttura non ha evidenziato sostanziali differenze tra n-PSG e SD-EEG, mentre quest’ultimo presentava un aumento significativo del CAP rate e dello Spike Index, con un’associazione specifica con le fasi A1 ed A2 del CAP. La maggior instabilità del sonno mattutino di recupero, correlata principalmente ad un incremento delle fasi A1, in concomitanza delle quali si osserva una maggior incidenza di IED, potrebbe rappresentare uno dei meccanismi neurofisiologici che sottendono la maggior sensibilità diagnostica dell’EEG dopo deprivazione di sonno

    Valutazione della microstruttura del pattern ipnico nel mild cognitive impairment

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    Con “mild cognitive impairment” (MCI) si fa riferimento ad una popolazione di soggetti che presentano alterazioni cognitive, spesso di natura mnesica, non sufficientemente severe da giustificare una diagnosi di demenza, rappresentandone comunque un possibile prodromo. Numerosi studi negli ultimi anni si sono rivolti alla ricerca di biomarker che possano facilitare la diagnosi differenziale di questi quadri clinici e la valutazione prognostica della conversione in demenza. I disturbi del sonno, pur rappresentando nelle malattie neurodegenerative un problema complesso ed estremamente frequente, non hanno ancora ricevuto un'attenzione adeguata nel contesto del MCI. Recenti osservazioni evidenziano il ruolo della microstruttura del sonno nei processi cognitivi. Il Pattern Alternante Ciclico (Cyclic Alternating Pattern, CAP) è caratterizzato da una componente lenta (nell’ambito della banda delta) caratteristica delle fasi A1 e da una componente rapida (frequenze superiori ai 6-7 Hz), che sottende le fasi A3. Le fasi A2 rappresentano un range di diverse combinazioni tra queste due componenti. Il CAP e le sue componenti lente sono state correlate alla performance cognitiva in soggetti sani e con disturbi del sonno, ma allo stato attuale non è stato valutato in soggetti con patologie neurodegenerative. Anche se il substrato anatomico del CAP non è ancora completamente chiarito, esso può essere considerato l’espressione corticale di interazioni cortico-sottocorticali. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato quello di analizzare le alterazioni del sonno in un gruppo di pazienti con diagnosi di MCI, valutandone con particolare attenzione gli aspetti macro e microstrutturali, confrontandoli con una popolazione di controllo e di pazienti con demenza e correlandoli infine con la performance nei test neuropsicologici. Dodici pazienti (7F, 5M), di età compresa tra 68 e 78 anni (età media ± DS: 73 ± 4 anni), con diagnosi di MCI sono stati sottoposti a polisonnografia ambulatoriale. L’analisi della macrostruttura del sonno non ha evidenziato differenze statisticamente significative nei principali parametri nei pazienti MCI rispetto ai controlli, mentre quella microstrutturale ha mostrato un incremento delle componenti rapide ed una riduzione delle componenti lente del CAP, con correlazioni con il Mini Mental State Examination, il test delle 15 parole di Rey (memoria immediata), il test delle matrici attentive e la fluenza verbale fonemica. In accordo con precedenti dati di letteratura, in cui si evidenziava come il sonnellino pomeridiano fosse associato ad un aumentato rischio di demenza, è stata osservata nei pazienti con tale comportamento una riduzione del sonno profondo NREM e delle componenti lente del CAP. Complessivamente i nostri risultati suggeriscono la presenza nei pazienti MCI di un aumento delle componenti rapide e di una riduzione delle componenti lente del CAP, che correlano con i test neuropsicologici, in maniera analoga a quanto osservato in studi sperimentali ed in popolazioni di bambini con disabilità mentale, sottolineando ulteriormente il ruolo del sonno profondo NREM e del CAP nei processi mnesici. Le modificazioni del sonno evidenziate in questa popolazione di MCI, sia in termini di microstruttura che di organizzazione del ritmo sonnoveglia nelle 24 ore, potrebbero quindi, al pari di altri sintomi non cognitivi, rappresentare un marker per la diagnosi differenziale di questi quadri clinici e per la valutazione dell'evoluzione del declino cognitivo, fino all'eventuale sviluppo di demenza

    Transcranial magnetic stimulation and gait disturbances in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review

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    Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) may offer a reliable means of characterizing important pathophysiologic aspects of motor impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD). Moreover, high-frequency repetitive TMS (rTMS), especially if delivered bilaterally over motor cortical regions, can have beneficial effects on parkinsonian motor symptoms. However, only a few studies have investigated the effects of rTMS on freezing of gait (FOG) and other gait disturbances in PD. We aimed at investigating in this narrative review the usefulness of TMS for exploring the pathophysiology of gait impairment and at evaluating the therapeutic effects of rTMS in this context. The combination of rTMS and treadmill training was found to enhance the effect of physical therapy. Use of an H-coil enables stimulation of deep regions of the brain (for example medial prefrontal cortex) and may be used as a target for add-on therapy in the future. In contrast, theta burst stimulation has proven to be ineffective in treating gait disturbances in PD patients. Dual-mode NIBS, in particular preconditioning motor cortex rTMS by transcranial direct current stimulation, might also represent a novel therapeutic approach for patients with gait disturbances. Recent studies suggest that the supplementary motor area could be an appropriate target for brain stimulation when treating PD patients with FOG. Further large sample and well-designed clinical studies are required to evaluate how the possible positive effects of rTMS can be sustained over time and to determine the optimal stimulation protocols including target, stimulation intensity/duration and number of sessions

    L'insonnia nella Medicina del Lavoro

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    La pubblicazione riporta alcune esperienze relative alla valutazione dell'insonnia in presenza di alcune attivitĂ  lavorative a rischi
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