A note on shell models for MHD Turbulence

We investigate the time evolution of two different (GOY-like) shell models which have been recently proposed to describe the gross features of MHD turbulence. We see that, even if they are formally of the same type sharing with MHD equations quadratic couplings and similar conserved quantities, fundamental differences exist which are related to the ideal invariants.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures.eps, to appear in Europhysics Letter

Choreographies in Practice

Choreographic Programming is a development methodology for concurrent software that guarantees correctness by construction. The key to this paradigm is to disallow mismatched I/O operations in programs, called choreographies, and then mechanically synthesise distributed implementations in terms of standard process models via a mechanism known as EndPoint Projection (EPP). Despite the promise of choreographic programming, there is still a lack of practical evaluations that illustrate the applicability of choreographies to concrete computational problems with standard concurrent solutions. In this work, we explore the potential of choreographies by using Procedural Choreographies (PC), a model that we recently proposed, to write distributed algorithms for sorting (Quicksort), solving linear equations (Gaussian elimination), and computing Fast Fourier Transform. We discuss the lessons learned from this experiment, giving possible directions for the usage and future improvements of choreography languages

The molecular basis of lung cancer: molecular abnormalities and therapeutic implications

Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer-related death in the western world. Its incidence is highly correlated with cigarette smoking, and about 10% of long-term smokers will eventually be diagnosed with lung cancer, underscoring the need for strengthened anti-tobacco policies. Among the 10% of patients who develop lung cancer without a smoking history, the environmental or inherited causes of lung cancer are usually unclear. There is no validated screening method for lung cancer even in high-risk populations and the overall five-year survival has not changed significantly in the last 20 years. However, major progress has been made in the understanding of the disease and we are beginning to see this knowledge translated into the clinic. In this review, we will summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the cascade of events associated with lung cancer development. From subclinical DNA damage to overt invasive disease, the mechanisms leading to clinically and molecularly heterogeneous tumors are being unraveled. These lesions allow cells to escape the normal regulation of cell division, apoptosis and invasion. While all subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer have historically been treated the same, stage-for-stage, recent technological advances have allowed a better understanding of the molecular classification of the disease and provide hypotheses for molecular early detection and targeted therapeutic strategies

Mixture or mosaic? Genetic patterns in UK grey squirrels support a human-mediated ‘long-jump’ invasion mechanism

Aim Clarifying whether multiple introductions of a species remain relatively isolated or merge and interbreed is essential for understanding the dynamics of invasion processes. Multiple introductions from different sources can result in a mixture of genetically distinct populations, increasing the total genetic diversity. This mixing can resolve the ‘genetic paradox’, whereby in spite of the relatively small numbers of introduced individuals, the augmented diversity due to this mixing increases adaptability and the ability of the species to spread in new environments. Here, we aim to assess whether the expansion of a successful invader, the Eastern grey squirrel, was partly driven by the merger of multiple introductions and the effects of such a merger on diversity. Location UK, Ireland. Methods We analysed the genetic variation at 12 microsatellite loci of 381 individuals sampled from one historical and 14 modern populations of grey squirrels. Results Our data revealed that current UK population structure resembles a mosaic, with minimal interpopulation mixing and each element reflecting the genetic make-up of historic introductions. The genetic diversity of each examined population was lower than a US population or a historical UK population. Numbers of releases in a county did not correlate with county-level genetic diversity. Inbreeding coefficients remain high, and effective population sizes remain small. Main conclusions Our results support the conclusion that rapid and large-scale expansion in this species in the UK was not driven by a genetic mixing of multiple introduced populations with a single expansion front, but was promoted by repeated translocations of small propagules. Our results have implications for the management of grey squirrels and other invasive species and also demonstrate how invaders can overcome the genetic paradox, if spread is facilitated by human-mediated dispersal

Uncertainties in constraining low-energy constants from 3^3H β\beta decay

We discuss the uncertainties in constraining low-energy constants of chiral effective field theory from $^3$H $\beta$ decay. The half-life is very precisely known, so that the Gamow-Teller matrix element has been used to fit the coupling $c_D$ of the axial-vector current to a short-range two-nucleon pair. Because the same coupling also describes the leading one-pion-exchange three-nucleon force, this in principle provides a very constraining fit, uncorrelated with the $^3$H binding energy fit used to constrain another low-energy coupling in three-nucleon forces. However, so far such $^3$H half-life fits have only been performed at a fixed cutoff value. We show that the cutoff dependence due to the regulators in the axial-vector two-body current can significantly affect the Gamow-Teller matrix elements and consequently also the extracted values for the $c_D$ coupling constant. The degree of the cutoff dependence is correlated with the softness of the employed NN interaction. As a result, present three-nucleon forces based on a fit to $^3$H $\beta$ decay underestimate the uncertainty in $c_D$. We explore a range of $c_D$ values that is compatible within cutoff variation with the experimental $^3$H half-life and estimate the resulting uncertainties for many-body systems by performing calculations of symmetric nuclear matter.Comment: 9 pages, 11 figures, published version, includes Erratum, which corrects Figs. 2-6 due to the incorrect c_D relation between 3N forces and two-body currents use

Modified margin convergence: over-under lacing suture technique

The principle of margin convergence can be applied to rotator cuff repair to enhance the security of fixation by decreasing the mechanical strain at the margins of the tear. We describe a suture technique, over-under lacing, that reproduces the same margin convergence, with equal tissue tension across the entire surface area of the cuff. A consecutive series of patients affected by massive U-shaped rotator cuff tears were treated by this repair technique. Preoperative diagnosis, tear assessment, and grading of fatty infiltration of the cuff muscles were based on arthro-computed tomography evaluation. The technique passes 2 sutures from the medial to lateral margin of the tear, with a knotless suture anchor for tendon-to-bone fixation. The proposed technique seems to reduce tensile strain on the repaired tendon, can reconstruct the rotator cuff cable, and can attain the balanced pull of the tendon in a medial-to-lateral fashion. The over-under lacing suture technique is both simple and reproducible. This technique may achieve the goals of margin convergence with satisfactory preliminary clinical results for patients with massive rotator cuff tears

Periodic and non-periodic brainwaves emerging via random syncronization of closed loops of firing neurons

Periodic and nonperiodic components of electrophysiological signals are modelled in terms of syncronized sequences of closed loops of firing neurons correlated in Markov chains. Single closed loops of firing neurons reproduce fundamental and harmonic components, appearing as lines in the power spectra at frequencies ranging about from $0.5 Hz$ to $100 Hz$. Further interesting features of the brainwave signals emerge by considering multiple syncronized sequences of closed loops. In particular, we show that the fluctuations of the number of syncronized loops leads to the onset of broadband power spectral components. By effect of the fluctuations of the number of synchronized loops and the emergence of the related broadband component, highly distorted waveform and nonstationarity of the signal are observed, consistently with empirical EEG and MEG signals. The analytical relationships of the periodic and aperiodic components are evaluated by using typical firing neuron pulse amplitudes and durations