A new gluten-free product: Brown rice bulgur, and its physical and chemical properties

In this research, a new alternative food product, defined as brown rice bulgur (BRB), rich in functional components compared to white rice and cooked in a short time compared to brown rice was developed for society especially individuals with gluten intolerance and celiac disease. BRB was produced with two different methods as boiling (BRB-B) and steaming (BRB-S). The cooking time of raw brown rice decreased from 30 to 9 min in BRB samples. The phytic acid content of BRB samples decreased by about 15% and enzyme resistant starch content of BRB-B and BRB-S samples increased by about 9% and 21% compared to brown rice, respectively. The produced BRB samples were in the medium GI food group. In conclusion, it was evaluated that the newly developed BRB is superior than brown rice, white rice, and wheat bulgur in terms of short cooking time, lower GI, and being gluten-free, respectively. Practical applications: In this study, brown rice bulgur has been produced from brown rice, unpreferable by consumers due to its long cooking time, hard texture, and dark color, with wheat bulgur production method. This new food product includes the advantages of wheat bulgur such as resistivity to insect and mold activity because of applied high-temperature thermal process and drying process, but do not include the disadvantages of brown rice such as long cooking time. Additionally, it could be attention to some consumers because of being a new gluten-free product. The obtained data can help diversify this product in the food industry

Effects of processing on the chemical composition of rice

© 2016 Wageningen Academic Publishers.Changes in the chemical composition of rice from harvest to packaging were searched. The phytic acid content in rice bran and final white rice was 64.25 and 9.66 mg/g (dry basis; db), respectively. Sugars (fructose, glucose, and sucrose), organic acids (citric and malic), and free amino acids (alanine, aspartic, and glutamic acid) decreased according to the progressing stages. The most abundant phenolic compound present in rice kernels was ferulic acid. The antioxidant capacity of rice bran was 428.97 μM Trolox equivalent (TE)/g (db), and it dropped from 126.23 to 60.76 μM TE/g (db) during processing. The L* colour value of rice samples showed a linear increase with decreasing antioxidant capacity. About half the phytic acid content and antioxidant activity was removed as a consequence of the dehulling, whitening, polishing, and grading of rice kernels

Expected glycemic impact and probiotic stimulating effects of whole grain flours of buckwheat, quinoa, amaranth and chia

Chia, amaranth, quinoa and buckwheat grains have been widely used in food formulations because of their high and balanced nutritional properties. Since all grains are not equally nutritious, there is a requirement for comparing the health-related effects and processing performance of a variety of whole grains. The expected glycemic index (eGI) flours of chia was determined to be quite low, and flours except quinoa can be classified as low GI foods. The highest resistant starch (RS) content (4.76 g/100 g) was found in amaranth flour, and it was followed by buckwheat (1.27 g/100 g). The amaranth had the highest stimulation effect on the growth of probiotics and increased the count of L. acidophilus and B. bifidum as 4.57 and 2.26 log CFU/ml, respectively. Moreover, chia flour showed a positive effect on the growth of L. acidophilus whereas it negatively affected B. bifidum compared to the control. A significant correlation was detected between rapidly available glucose content and eGI. On the other hand, a significant relationship between RS and the growth rate of probiotics was reported

Sorption isotherms of coffee in different stages for producing Turkish coffee

The aim of this research was to determine the adsorption behavior of coffee as green and roasted beans and ground. For this aim, the static gravimetric method was used and samples were kept in the different water activity levels between 0.01 and 0.91 at 25°C for 7 days. The data were evaluated using the BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller), GAB (Guggenheim, Anderson and deBoer), Halsey, and Peleg sorption equations. The constants m0 and C of BET and GAB equations were determined to be between 2.13 and 6.61 g water/100 g of dry matter and 30.05–429.60, respectively. The isotherms of all coffee samples were defined as Type II because the C constant of the GAB equation was higher than 2. Additionally; the BET, GAB, and Peleg equations were determined to fit better than the Halsey for adsorption properties of coffee because E% values were lower than 10% and the coefficient of regression values approached the 1.00