Growth and Post-Deposition Treatments of SrTiO3 Films for Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrosynthesis Cell Applications

Sensitized SrTiO3 films were evaluated as potential photoanodes for dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells (DSPECs). The SrTiO3 films were grown via pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on a transparent conducting oxide (fluorine-doped tin oxide, FTO) substrate, annealed, and then loaded with zinc(II) 5,10,15-tris(mesityl)-20-[(dihydroxyphosphoryl)phenyl] porphyrin (MPZnP). When paired with a platinum wire counter electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode these sensitized films exhibited photocurrent densities on the order of 350 nA/cm2 under 0 V applied bias conditions versus a normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) and 75 mW/cm2 illumination at a wavelength of 445 nm. The conditions of the post-deposition annealing step - namely, a high-temperature reducing atmosphere - proved to be the most important growth parameters for increasing photocurrent in these electrodes

Safety and efficacy of l-lysine monohydrochloride and concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) produced by fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum strain KCCM 10227 for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l-lysine monohydrochloride and concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) produced using Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 10227 when used as nutritional additives in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The active substance is l-lysine. l-lysine HCl and concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) produced by the strain C. glutamicum KCCM 10227 do not represent a risk for the target species, the consumer and the environment. l-lysine HCl produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 10227 is hazardous by inhalation, it is not irritant to skin but mildly irritant to eyes and it is not a skin sensitiser. Concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 10227 is hazardous by inhalation, not irritant to skin and eyes and it is not a skin sensitiser. l-lysine HCl and concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) are considered as efficacious sources of the essential amino acid l-lysine for non-ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l-lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen

Safety and efficacy of l-tryptophan produced by fermentation with Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80176 for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l-tryptophan produced by fermentation with a genetically modified strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum (KCCM 80176) when used as a nutritional additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. Viable cells of the production strain and its recombinant DNA were not detected in the additive. l-Tryptophan manufactured by fermentation using C. glutamicum KCCM 80176 does not give rise to any safety concern with regard to the genetic modification of the production strain. The use of l-tryptophan produced using C. glutamicum KCCM 80176 in supplementing feed to compensate for tryptophan deficiency in feedingstuffs is safe for non-ruminant target species and in ruminants when a rumen-protected form is used. The use of l-tryptophan produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 80176 in animal nutrition presents no safety concerns to consumers of animal products. l-Tryptophan produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 80176 is considered not toxic by inhalation, not irritant to skin or eyes and not a dermal sensitiser. l-Tryptophan produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 80176 is safe for the environment. l-Tryptophan produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 80176 is regarded as an effective source of the amino acid l-tryptophan for all non-ruminant species. If l-tryptophan is intended for use in ruminants, it should be protected from ruminal degradation

Safety and efficacy of l-tryptophan produced by fermentation with Escherichia coli KCCM 80152 for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l-tryptophan produced by fermentation using Escherichia coli KCCM 80152 when used as nutritional additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The production strain and its recombinant DNA were not detected in the additive. l-Tryptophan, manufactured by fermentation with E. coli KCCM 80152, does not give rise to any safety concern with regard to the genetic modification of the production strain. The use of l-tryptophan produced using E. coli KCCM 80152 in supplementing feed to compensate for tryptophan deficiency in feedingstuffs is safe for non-ruminant target species. Using unprotected forms of tryptophan in ruminants can be a risk. The use of l-tryptophan produced by fermentation using E. coli KCCM 80152 in animal feed presents no concerns to consumers of animal products. Due to the content of endotoxins, the additive poses a risk for persons handling the additive when exposed by inhalation. The additive is not considered irritant for skin or eyes and is not considered a skin sensitiser. The additive under assessment is safe for the environment. The additive under assessment is regarded as an effective source of the amino acid l-tryptophan for all non-ruminant species. If l-tryptophan is intended for use in ruminants, it should be protected from ruminal degradation

Safety and efficacy of l-leucine produced by fermentation with Escherichia coli NITE BP-02351 for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l-leucine produced by fermentation with Escherichia coli NITE BP-02351 when used as nutritional additive or as feed flavouring compound in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The product under assessment is l-leucine produced by fermentation with a genetically modified strain of E. coli (NITE BP-02351). The production strain and its recombinant DNA were not detected in the final products. l-Leucine, manufactured by fermentation with E. coli NITE BP-02351, does not give rise to any safety concern to the production strain. The use of l-leucine produced with E. coli NITE BP-02351 is safe for the target species when used to supplement the diet in appropriate amounts. It is safe at the proposed use level of 25 mg/kg when used as flavouring compound for all animal species. The use of l-leucine produced by fermentation with E. coli NITE BP-02351 in animal nutrition raises no safety concerns for consumers of animal products. The additive is not irritating to the skin or eyes and is not a skin sensitiser. There is a risk for persons handling the additive from the exposure to endotoxins by inhalation. The use of l-leucine produced by E. coli NITE BP-02351 as feed additive does not represent a risk to the environment. The additive l-leucine produced by E. coli NITE BP-02351 is regarded as an effective source of the amino acid l-leucine when used as nutritional additive. For the supplemental l-leucine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, it requires protection against degradation in the rumen. It is also considered efficacious as feed flavouring compound under the proposed conditions of use

Safety and efficacy of l-tryptophan produced by fermentation with Escherichia coli KCCM 80135 for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l-tryptophan produced by fermentation using Escherichia coli KCCM 80135 when used as a nutritional additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The production strain and its recombinant DNA were not detected in the additive. l-Tryptophan produced by fermentation with E. coli KCCM 80135 does not raise any safety concern with regard to the genetic modification of the production strain. The use of l-tryptophan produced using E. coli KCCM 80135 in supplementing feed to compensate for tryptophan deficiency in feedingstuffs is safe for non-ruminant target species. Using unprotected forms of tryptophan in ruminants can be a risk. The use of l-tryptophan produced by fermentation using E. coli KCCM 80135 in animal nutrition presents no safety concerns to consumers of animal products. l-Tryptophan produced by E. coli KCCM 80135 is not toxic by inhalation. The additive is not an irritant to skin and eyes, and it is not a skin sensitiser. The additive under assessment is considered safe for the environment. It is regarded as an effective source of the amino acid l-tryptophan for all non-ruminant species. If the additive l-tryptophan is intended for use in ruminants, it should be protected from ruminal degradation

Efficacy of methyl ester of conjugated linoleic acid (t10,c12 isomer) for sows and cows for reproduction

A mixture of methylated conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers (t10,c12 and c9,t11) in equal proportions is the subject of this assessment. The active substance is considered to be CLA (t10,c12) methyl ester (ME). The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) of EFSA previously issued an opinion on the safety and efficacy of the product, in which it could not conclude on the efficacy of this additive for sows for reproduction and for cows for reproduction. The European Commission asked EFSA to deliver an opinion on the efficacy of this additive for sows and cows for reproduction, based on additional data submitted by the applicant. The FEEDAP Panel has performed the assessment of the new data following an approach in line with the principles laid down in Regulation (EC) No 429/2008 and the relevant guidance documents. In relation to the data on efficacy in sows for reproduction, owing to methodological shortcomings of the study submitted, including the duration of the study and the limited biological relevance of the effect observed, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the efficacy of CLA (t10,c12)-ME for sows for reproduction. The data related to dairy cows indicate that dietary CLA (t10,c12)-ME supplementation in the late dry period and/or lactation period showed an increase of the probability of pregnancy and a reduction of time to conception in the same reproductive cycle. However, considering that the minimum duration of efficacy studies for reproductive parameters is of at least two reproductive cycles, the FEEDAP Panel is not in a position to conclude on the efficacy of the additive for cows for reproduction

Safety and efficacy of l-lysine monohydrochloride and l-lysine sulfate produced using Corynebacterium glutamicum CCTCC M 2015595 for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l-lysine monohydrochloride and l-lysine sulfate produced using Corynebacterium glutamicum CCTCC M 2015595 when used as nutritional additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The active substance is l-lysine and it is produced in two different forms (monohydrochloride or sulfate). Owing to the uncertainties regarding the possible genetic modification of the strain used to obtain the production strain C. glutamicum CCTCC M 2015595 and on the possible presence of viable cells and DNA of the production strain in the final product, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the safety of the additives l-lysine HCl and l-lysine sulfate produced with C. glutamicum CCTCC M 2015595 for the target species, the consumers, the users and the environment. For both products, the FEEDAP Panel has concerns regarding the safety for the target species when the additives are administered via water for drinking. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the safety of the additive for the user. The products under assessment are considered efficacious sources of the amino acid l-lysine for all animal species. For these products to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, they require protection against degradation in the rumen