How do Multinationals Build Social Capital? Evidence from South Africa.

This paper looks at the self-reporting of social engagement by multinational firms in South Africa, developing previous measures of social capital to fit the unique context of the multinational firm in particular mapping the configurations of declared engagement and the firms' provision. It finds large intersectoral variation which cannot be predicted by one factor alone, and sometimes wide intrasectoral variation. In particular (and for different reasons) 'extractive' and 'industrial' sector firms traditionally criticised for their impact on communities - and 'medical' sector firms are engaged in practices conducive to the generation of social capital.Social Capital, Corporate Social Responsibility, Business Ethics, South Africa, Multinational Companies

How do multinationals build social capital? Evidence from South Africa

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Influence of high performance work systems on employee subjective well-being and job burnout: empirical evidence from the Chinese healthcare sector

Over the last two decades, high performance work systems (HPWSs) research has been dominated by examining the effects of these systems on firm performance. Research on the impact of HPWSs on employees has been marginalised. This study examines the impact of HPWSs on two psychological outcomes for employees, namely, subjective well-being (SWB) and workplace burnout, by utilising data collected from 1488 physicians and nurses in 25 Chinese hospitals. It also examines the moderating effects of employees' organisational based self-esteem (OBSE), as an individual intervention and physician-nurse relationships, as an organisational intervention, on the relationship between HPWSs and employee outcomes. HPWS is found to increase employees' SWB and decrease burnout. Such well-being-enhancing and burnout-relieving effects are stronger when employees have high OBSE. The positive effect of HPWS on SWB is also stronger when there is a collaborative relationship among employees in an organisation. The major contribution of this study is to unpack the 'black box' of how HPWS influences employee well-being in the Chinese healthcare sector context

Avaliação da suscetibilidade à Xylella fastidiosa em diferentes espécies de cafeeiro Susceptibity valuation to Xylella fastidiosa in different coffee species

A bactéria Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. foi detectada pela primeira vez em cafeeiro no Brasil, em 1995, entretanto acredita-se que a cultura foi infectada por essa bactéria há muitos anos, embora os sintomas fossem atribuídos a um estresse nutricional. Até o momento têm sido realizados estudos principalmente com espécies de C. arabica e C. canephora, porém, em outras espécies do gênero, somente foi detectada sua presença. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a proporção de elementos de vaso do xilema obstruídos, total e parcialmente, pela X. fastidiosa, naturalmente infectadas, em diferentes espécies de cafeeiro do Banco de Germoplasma do IAC, visando identificar material resistente a essa bactéria para ser utilizado no programa de melhoramento genético. Os acessos estudados foram: C. canephora (progenitora da 'Guarini'), C. liberica var. liberica, os quatro acessos de C. liberica var. dewevrei (Ugandae, Dibowskii, Abeokutae, Excelsa) e o híbrido interespecífico Piatã (C. arabica X C. liberica var. dewevrei). Todos eles mostraram-se menos suscetíveis à X. fastidiosa. A porcentagem de obstrução dos elementos de vasos na folha não foi maior que 0,6% na maioria dos acessos, com exceção de Excelsa e do híbrido Piatã com até 2% de obstrução, sendo bem menos suscetíveis a essa bactéria do que as cultivares de C. arabica. Trata-se, portanto, de materiais genéticos importantes para serem utilizados no programa de melhoramento do cafeeiro visando à resistência ao agente dessa doença.<br>Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. bacteria was firstly detected in coffee plants in Brazil in 1995. However it is believed to be attacking this crop this time. Disease symptoms have been attributed mostly to nutritional unbalances. Up to date studies have comprised only the species C. arabica and C. canephora. However X. fastidiosa was also detected in other Coffea species, but without disease symptoms. Aiming to identify in the IAC germoplasm collection resistant materials, the present study was under taken. The proportion of total or partial obstruction in xylem vessels of plants naturally infected with X. fastidiosa was evaluated in C. canephora ('Guarini' progenitor), C. liberica var. liberica, C. liberica var. dewevrei (Ugandae, Dibowskii, Abeokutae, and Excelsa) accesses and in the interespecific hybrid Piatã (C. arabica X C. liberica var. dewevrei). All tested materials showed to be less susceptible to X. fastidiosa. The obstruction percentage did not exceeded 0.6% except for "Excelsa" and the "Piatã" hybrid with about 2%, even though both were much more resistant than C. arabica cultivars. All tested material is relevant to a coffee breeding program aiming at X. fastidiosa resistance

Efeito da Xylella fastidiosa em cafeeiros em diferentes regiões edafoclimáticas Effect of Xylella fastidiosa in coffee plants at different edaphoclimatic regions

A bactéria Xylella fastidiosa vem causando problemas para a cafeicultura, uma vez que sua presença, associada a diversos fatores de estresse, provoca um decréscimo na produção devido à diminuição no número e tamanho dos frutos e à morte de alguns ramos. Este trabalho objetiva avaliar o efeito da X. fastidiosa sobre cultivares de Coffea arabica (enxertados ou não) através da quantificação da proporção de vasos do xilema obstruídos pela bactéria, nas diferentes partes da planta e entre ramos com e sem sintoma da doença, em experimentos desenvolvidos em diferentes regiões edafoclimáticas. Avaliou-se também a distribuição das classes de infecção nas diferentes partes da planta nos materiais genéticos estudados. Os experimentos foram instalados em 1986 em Mococa e Garça (SP) e as amostras para o estudo anatômico, retiradas em abril de 1998 e 2000 (período de estresse hídrico), respectivamente, das plantas de cafeeiros dessas áreas. Na região de Mococa, observou-se que a nervura principal e o pecíolo foram os tecidos com proporção maior de vasos do xilema obstruídos pela X. fastidiosa; na região de Garça, foram o pecíolo e o caule. Não houve diferenças significativas na obstrução de elementos de vaso do xilema do cafeeiro ocasionado pela bactéria entre as duas regiões estudadas. Não houve tolerância à bactéria nos materiais genéticos, havendo no entanto variação dentro de cada um deles. Na região de Garça, nas plantas de café, observou-se alta proporção de vasos obstruídos nas raízes (3%), entretanto, não houve dano maior na parte aérea.<br>The Xylella fastidiosa bacterium causes problems to coffee cultivation because of a relationship with various stress factors, leading to reduction on coffee production by decreasing fruit number and size, as well as senescence of branches. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of Xylella fastidiosa to Coffea arabica cultivars (grafted or not) through the quantification of plugging bacterium within xylem vessels at different plant parts of plant symptomatic versus assymptomatic branches. The experiments were installed in 1986 in two different edaphoclimatic areas: Mococa and Garça, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The distribution of infection class was determined in different plant parts of genetic materials in study. The samples for anatomic studies were analyzed at stress hidric periods of April 1998 and 2000, respectively. The midvein and petiole in Mococa region showed more obliterated xylem vessels with X. fastidiosa than in Garça were the petiole and stem were the tissues parts more affected. There were not significant differences on bacterium coffee effect between the two studied regions. Also, bacterium tolerance did not show difference among genetic materials. However, variations within each one of them did existed. In Garça region, the coffee plants exhibited the highest proportion of obliterated vessels in root (3%), which was not translated in disease severity in the aerial part