65 research outputs found
Cervical cancer mortality in young adult European women
Background: The process of social, political and economic transformation, which took place in Central and Eastern Europe in the early 90's, has affected many spheres of Europeans' lives, including health-associated issues. These changes also had an impact on mortality rates due to cervical cancer (CC). Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse CC mortality trends in Europe after 1990. Methods: Data on death due to CC, uterine cancers and unspecified uterine cancers, in women aged 20\u201344, were taken from the WHO Mortality Database. Trends in European countries between 1990 and 2017 were assessed using the Joinpoint Regression Program. Results: Most of the countries experienced a decrease in CC mortality. Although the lowest rates were observed in EU15 Member States, the highest decreases were observed in Central and Eastern Europe. However, there are still differences in mortality in these countries. There are also a few countries like Belarus, Latvia and Ukraine, which experienced an increase in mortality. The range of mortality across Europe in 2017 was between 0.6 and 5.2/100,000 women. Conclusions: It is essential to introduce well-organised screening programmes for early detection of CC with coverage of a correspondingly high percentage of the population, particularly in East-Central Europe, as well as to introduce high-coverage HPV vaccination in all European countries
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Medieval menarche: changes in pubertal timing in the aftermath of the Black Death
OBJECTIVES: Bioarchaeological evidence suggests stature increased in males but decreased in females after the Black Death (1348-1350 CE). Because tradeoffs between growth and reproduction can result in earlier ages at menarche and lower limb length, we assess menarcheal age between 1120 and 1540 CE to better understand the health of medieval adolescent females before and after the plague.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our sample comprises 74 adolescent females from St Mary Spital, London (1120-1540 CE) within the age range during which menarche occurs (10-25 years). They were assessed as being pre- or post-menarcheal and divided into three groups: Early Pre-Black Death (n=13), Late Pre-Black Death (n=38), and Post-Black Death (n=23). Changes in the ages of pre- and post-menarcheal females were assessed using Mann-Whitney tests.
RESULTS: The average age of post-menarcheal females increased from the Early- to Late Pre-Black Death periods and declined after the Black Death.
CONCLUSIONS: Short stature can reflect unfavorable growth environments, while younger menarcheal age indicates improved living conditions. The paradoxical pattern of female, but not male, stature reduction after the Black Death might reflect the association of early menarche with lower limb length and signal that adolescent females experienced improved health conditions after the epidemic. Our focus on pre- and post-menarche within a limited age span provides a novel approach for inferring average ages of menarche over time. Pathways to skeletal development and reproductive investment are part of an integrated system, providing a bridge between life history research in bioarchaeology and human biology
Human telomerase activity regulation
Telomerase has been recognized as a relevant factor distinguishing cancer cells from normal cells. Thus, it has become a very promising target for anticancer therapy. The cell proliferative potential can be limited by replication end problem, due to telomeres shortening, which is overcome in cancer cells by telomerase activity or by alternative telomeres lengthening (ALT) mechanism. However, this multisubunit enzymatic complex can be regulated at various levels, including expression control but also other factors contributing to the enzyme phosphorylation status, assembling or complex subunits transport. Thus, we show that the telomerase expression targeting cannot be the only possibility to shorten telomeres and induce cell apoptosis. It is important especially since the transcription expression is not always correlated with the enzyme activity which might result in transcription modulation failure or a possibility for the gene therapy to be overcome. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of numerous telomerase regulation mechanisms that take place after telomerase subunits coding genes transcription. Thus we show the possible mechanisms of telomerase activity regulation which might become attractive anticancer therapy targets
European trends in breast cancer mortality, 1980–2017 and predictions to 2025
Background: Breast cancer mortality in European women has been falling for three decades. We analysed trends in mortality from breast cancer in Europe over the period 1980–2017 and predicted number of deaths and rates to 2025. Methods: We extracted death certification data for breast cancer in women for 35 European countries, between 1980 and 2017, from the World Health Organisation database. We computed the age-standardised (world standard population) mortality rates per 100,000 person-years, by country and calendar year. We obtained also predictions for 2025 using a joinpoint regression model and calculated the number of avoided deaths over the period 1994–2025. Results: The mortality rate declined from 15.0 in 2012 to 14.4 in 2017 per 100,000 women (−3.9%) for the European Union (EU)-27. This fall was greater in the EU-14 (−5.2%), whereas rates rose in the transitional countries during this period by 1.9%. Mortality rate predictions across Europe are expected to reach relatively uniform levels in 2025. During the studied period, favourable trends in mortality emerged in most countries, with the greatest decrease in Denmark, whereas Poland and Romania showed an upward trend. The largest predicted decrease in breast cancer mortality was estimated for the United Kingdom (12.2/100,000 women in 2025), leading to the estimated avoidance of 150,000 breast cancer deaths over the period 1994–2025 and 470,000 in the EU-27. Conclusions: Favourable trends in breast cancer mortality were observed in most European countries, and they will continue to fall in the coming years. Less favourable patterns were still observed among the transitional countries than other European areas
Assessing physical activity and sedentary lifestyle behaviours for children and adolescents living in a district of Poland. What are the key determinants for improving health?
Introduction. Adequate levels of physical activity throughout an individual’s life ensure an optimal state of health. Only
30% of adolescents and 10% of adults perform sufficient physical activity to facilitate proper physical, psychological/mental
and emotional development.
Objective. Determining physical activity behaviour in children and adolescents through surveying the opinions of school
pupils and parents, in order to lend support for optimised educational programmes designed to promote healthy lifestyle
behaviour, as well as establishing consistent answers.
Materials and Methods. A randomised survey was conducted on two groups of n=1100 pupil subjects, each attending
elementary or secondary school, with the former in Classes 5 and 6, whereas the latter were aged between 16–19 years
old; in both instances parents were also included in the survey. All subjects came from the Kalisz District in western-central
Poland, and were divided into those living in the city of Kalisz and those in the surrounding rural areas.
Results. It was found that 87%, 96% and 89% of elementary, middle and secondary school pupils, respectively, participated
in Physical Education (PE) lessons. The numbers of pupils who daily, or almost daily, spent time on a computer, were 52%,
60% and 70%, respectively, for elementary, middle and secondary schools, and likewise 70%, 62% and 48% for watching TV.
Conclusions; It is vital that education programmes with a focus on a healthy lifestyle are introduced and targeted at
teenagers in order to promote physical activity during the crucial time of the body’s development. The period of maturing
into adulthood is particularly crucial for acquiring the right knowledge, convictions, skills and attitudes that help shape a
pro-healthy lifestyle in later years
Nutrition-related health behaviours and prevalence of overweight and obesity among Polish children and adolescents
Introduction. An adequate mode of nutrition is among the most important environmental factors affecting the development
of Man and maintenance of a good health status. An improper selection of nutrients and irregular consumption of meals
may lead to overweight and obesity.
Objective. The characteristics of health behaviours of the examined population of schoolchildren, with consideration of
nutrition and body weight disorders. A comparison of the opinions of schoolchildren and their parents concerning health
behaviours. Development of guidelines for educational programmes carried out in the place of residence of the population
of schoolchildren and their parents.
Materials and method. The survey covered a randomised group of schoolchildren attending elementary and secondary
schools in the Kalisz Province and province of the city of Kalisz. The study was conducted in May and June 2009, in a randomly
selected representative group of 1,100 boys and girls from classes V and VI of elementary schools, and 1,100 secondary school
adolescents aged 16–19 and their parents. The studies of schoolchildren attending elementary and secondary schools were
compared with the all-Polish studies of junior high school adolescents in the school year 2006–2007.
Results. The respondents most often consumed 3–4 meals; however, as many as 26% of junior high school adolescents and
27% of secondary school adolescents admitted that they consume only one meal daily. The schoolchildren show inadequate
nutritional habits concerning an insufficient consumption of fruits, vegetables and fish, in favour of high calorific meals and
sweet snacks and drinks. Parents improperly assess the body weight of their children and perceive them as slimmer, which
is not confirmed by the BMI value for age and gender.
Conclusions. Systematic monitoring and analysis of changes in the health behaviours of adolescents should be a basis for
planning health education and promotion programmes. Educational programmes concerning various aspects of health
should be implemented in an organized and complementary way, directed not only at schools, but also at entire families
and local communities. Knowledge, beliefs, skills and attitudes towards health acquired during the period of adolescence
decide about life style in adulthood
Alcohol consumption in Polish middle and high school pupils-has this rapidly increased during 2009–11?
Introduction. The dynamic rise of alcohol consumption in adolescents is a matter of serious concern, requiring frequently
updated monitoring. By such means, it is possible to optimise preventative measures for dealing with this problem.
Objective. To estimate the magnitude/amount and frequency of alcohol consumed by middle and high school pupils in
Poland, including the circumstances when alcohol was first drunk.
Materials and Methods. A randomised survey was performed throughout Poland on middle school (junior high school)
pupils, (n=9360) in 2009, followed by both middle and high school pupils in 2011 (n=7971). The questionnaire was devised
by the Polish Chief Sanitary Inspectorate (GIS).
Results. A strikingly sharp increase in alcohol consumption (29%) was observed in subjects between 2009 – 2011. In the
latter year, 1 month prior to survey, respectively, 50% and 71% of middle school and high school pupils drank alcohol, and
correspondingly, 36% and 63% of these pupils ever became intoxicated/drunk.
Conclusions. 1) Adolescent alcohol consumption increases with age and is highest in girls. Monitoring as well as in-depth
analysis thus becomes necessary. 2) Systematic monitoring and analysis of changing healthy lifestyle behaviour should be
used for taking the necessary corrective action. This should happen concurrently and consist of planned health education
programmes, including health promotion
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