SOME BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSES OF LIMICOLARIA AURORA EXPOSED TO GRAMOXONE

The effects of 0.5 , 1.0 , 1.5 and 2.0 % of combined oral and dermal single-application of 0.1 M concentration of gramoxone (contact herbicide, paraquat chloride) on Limicolaria aurora were determined and compared with control using Amaranthus sp. as bait. Responses were measured through normal feeding and crawling, head retraction into the shell, swelling, excessive mucus secretion, lack of response to mechanical stimuli (mortality). Results showed no effects on controls. Snails exposed to gramoxone fed less as contamination increased. Gramoxone is molluscicidal, it can also result in behaviour-modifying observations in snails which are non-target organisms in the ecosystem

Insecticide resistance spectrum and prevalence of L1014F <em>kdr</em> type mutation in <em>Anopheles gambiae s.l.</em> in Abia State, Nigeria

Anopheles gambiae s.l. is the primary vector of malaria, a debilitating disease responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity in Sub-saharan Africa. This study evaluated the insecticide resistance status and the frequency of L1014F kdr mutation in An. gambiae [Diptera: Culicidae, Giles 1902] within Abia State, Nigeria. Immature stages of An. gambiae (s.l.) were collected from Umudike, Agalaba, and Ebem communities and reared to adulthood. Batches of 25 sugar-fed female mosquitoes, aged 3–5 days, were exposed to four types of WHO insecticide-impregnated papers, i.e., 4% DDT, 0.75% Permethrin, 0.1% Bendiocarb, and 5% Malathion, for one hour and the mortalities were recorded after a recovery period of 24 h. Mosquito species were identified using morphological and molecular methods, and kdr mutation L1014F was genotyped. Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) was highly resistant to permethrin (Umudike-18.8% mortality, Agalaba-17.5%, Ebem- 49.0%) but showed no resistance to DDT (0.0%) in the three locations. Conversely, all the locations recorded complete susceptibility to malathion (100%). Although complete susceptibility to bendiocarb was reported from Umudike (100%) and Ebem-Ohafia (100%), resistance was reported from Agalaba (87.5%). PCR analyses showed that An. gambiae (s.l.) were predominantly An. gambiae s.s. in Umudike (90.0%), Agalaba (67.5%) and Ebem (67.5%), whereas the rest were An. coluzzii. Very high frequencies of the L1014F kdr mutation was observed in all locations [Umudike (1.00), Agalaba (0.98), and Ebem-ohafia (0.95)]. The worrisome resistance to bendiocarb in Agalaba suggests the existence of metabolic resistance that needs to be clarified. The high occurrence of L1014F resistance mutation in populations calls for urgent implementation of integrated vector control strategies in Abia State

Dynamic compensation of a synthetic jetlike actuator for closed-loop cavity flow control

10.2514/1.30095AIAA Journal461232-240AIAJ