The effects of 0.5 , 1.0 , 1.5 and 2.0 % of combined oral and dermal
single-application of 0.1 M concentration of gramoxone (contact
herbicide, paraquat chloride) on Limicolaria aurora were
determined and compared with control using Amaranthus sp. as
bait. Responses were measured through normal feeding and crawling, head
retraction into the shell, swelling, excessive mucus secretion, lack of
response to mechanical stimuli (mortality). Results showed no effects
on controls. Snails exposed to gramoxone fed less as contamination
increased. Gramoxone is molluscicidal, it can also result in
behaviour-modifying observations in snails which are non-target
organisms in the ecosystem