Annotated Bibliography Of Generative Grammar

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/98281/1/j.1467-1770.1962.tb01267.x.pd

Effects of cochlear implantation on binaural hearing in adults with unilateral hearing loss

A FDA clinical trial was carried out to evaluate the potential benefit of cochlear implant (CI) use for adults with unilateral moderate-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss. Subjects were 20 adults with moderate-to-profound unilateral sensorineural hearing loss and normal or near-normal hearing on the other side. A MED-EL standard electrode was implanted in the impaired ear. Outcome measures included: (a) sound localization on the horizontal plane (11 positions, −90° to 90°), (b) word recognition in quiet with the CI alone, and (c) masked sentence recognition with the target at 0° and the masker at −90°, 0°, or 90°. This battery was completed preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after CI activation. Normative data were also collected for 20 age-matched control subjects with normal or near-normal hearing bilaterally. The CI improved localization accuracy and reduced side bias. Word recognition with the CI alone was similar to performance of traditional CI recipients. The CI improved masked sentence recognition when the masker was presented from the front or from the side of normal or near-normal hearing. The binaural benefits observed with the CI increased between the 1- and 3-month intervals but appeared stable thereafter. In contrast to previous reports on localization and speech perception in patients with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, CI benefits were consistently observed across individual subjects, and performance was at asymptote by the 3-month test interval. Cochlear implant settings, consistent CI use, and short duration of deafness could play a role in this result

MicroRNA Regulation of Cell Lineages in Mouse and Human Embryonic Stem Cells

SummaryCell fate decisions of pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells are dictated by activation and repression of lineage-specific genes. Numerous signaling and transcriptional networks progressively narrow and specify the potential of ES cells. Whether specific microRNAs help refine and limit gene expression and, thereby, could be used to manipulate ES cell differentiation has largely been unexplored. Here, we show that two serum response factor (SRF)-dependent muscle-specific microRNAs, miR-1 and miR-133, promote mesoderm formation from ES cells but have opposing functions during further differentiation into cardiac muscle progenitors. Furthermore, miR-1 and miR-133 were potent repressors of nonmuscle gene expression and cell fate during mouse and human ES cell differentiation. miR-1's effects were in part mediated by translational repression of the Notch ligand Delta-like 1 (Dll-1). Our findings indicate that muscle-specific miRNAs reinforce the silencing of nonmuscle genes during cell lineage commitment and suggest that miRNAs may have general utility in regulating cell-fate decisions from pluripotent ES cells

Long-term Speech Perception in Elderly Cochlear Implant Users

IMPORTANCE: A review of a test battery presented in both quiet and noise may clarify what the progression of speech perception abilities is in older adult cochlear implant users and whether the performance declines with advancing age. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether older adults (≥65 years) with cochlear implants maintain stable speech perception performance after at least 10 years of listening experience with an external speech processor. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective analysis performed in an academic tertiary care center. PARTICIPANTS: Fourteen older adult cochlear implant recipients with at least 10 years of listening experience. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Speech perception outcomes as measured with Consonant-Nucleus-Consonant words in quiet and Hearing in Noise Test sentences in quiet and steady-state noise were analyzed retrospectively at the 6-month and 1-, 5-, and 10-year postoperative follow-up intervals. RESULTS: Consonant-Nucleus-Consonant word scores remained stable between 6 months and 1 year of listening experience, improved significantly (P < .001) between 1 year and 5 years, and remained stable between 5 years and 10 years. Hearing in Noise Test sentence scores in quiet and noise showed a similar pattern, with stability in performance between the 6-month to 1-year and 5-year to 10-year follow-up intervals, and significantly improved performance (P = .04) between the 1-year and 5-year follow-up intervals. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: On average, patients who undergo cochlear implantation at age 65 years or older do not experience a decline in speech perception performance with extended listening experience and may potentially continue to see improvements beyond the 1-year follow-up interval

Influence of Age at Revision Cochlear Implantation on Speech Perception Outcomes

IMPORTANCE: This study reviewed whether advanced age should be a consideration when revision cochlear implantation is warranted. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether age at revision cochlear implantation is related to postrevision speech perception performance. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective analysis was performed in an academic tertiary care center. Participants included 14 younger adults (<65 years) and 15 older adults (≥65 years) who underwent revision cochlear implantation. INTERVENTION: Revision cochlear implantation. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Speech perception performance, as measured with consonant-nucleus-consonant [CNC] words in quiet, at the best prerevision interval as well as the 3- and 6-month postrevision intervals were compared between the 2 cohorts. The CNC word test consists of 10 lists of 50 phonemically balanced monosyllabic words, scored with a range of 0% to 100% correct. RESULTS: Both cohorts experienced a restoration in speech perception scores after revision cochlear implantation compared with their best performance before the revision (mean [SD] CNC word test scores for the younger cohort: 43.9% [25.6%] before revision and 47.7% [21.3%] at 3 months and 47.6% [19.8%] at 6 months after revision; for the older cohort: 36.3% [19.1%] before revision and 35.3% [17.2%] at 3 months and 39.9% [16.3%] at 6 months after revision; F₂,₅₄= 0.93; P = .40). There was no interaction between age at revision surgery and speech perception performance at each assessment interval (F₂,₅₄= 0.51; P = .60). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this study, age at revision cochlear implantation was not related to postrevision speech perception performance. Advanced age should not be considered a contraindication to revision cochlear implantation

Kinetic Phenomena in Thin Film Electronic Materials

Contains reports on ten research projects.Semiconductor Research Corporation (Grant 83-01-033)National Science Foundation (Grant DMR 81-19285)U.S. Department of Energy (Contract DE-ACO2-82-ER-13019)National Science Foundation (Grant ECS82-05701)International Business Machines, Inc.Dartmouth UniversityJoint Services Electronics Program (Contract DAAG29-83-K-0003

Kinetic Phenomena in Thin Film Electronic Materials

Contains reports on nine research projects.National Science Foundation (Grant ECS85-06565)Semiconductor Research CorporationU.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research (Grant AFOSR-85-0154)National Science Foundation (Grant DMR81-19285)Sony International Business Machines, Inc.Dartmouth UniversityJoint Services Electronics Program (Contract DAAG29-83-K-0003)Semiconductor Research Corporatio

Status of Muon Collider Research and Development and Future Plans

The status of the research on muon colliders is discussed and plans are outlined for future theoretical and experimental studies. Besides continued work on the parameters of a 3-4 and 0.5 TeV center-of-mass (CoM) energy collider, many studies are now concentrating on a machine near 0.1 TeV (CoM) that could be a factory for the s-channel production of Higgs particles. We discuss the research on the various components in such muon colliders, starting from the proton accelerator needed to generate pions from a heavy-Z target and proceeding through the phase rotation and decay ($\pi \to \mu \nu_{\mu}$) channel, muon cooling, acceleration, storage in a collider ring and the collider detector. We also present theoretical and experimental R & D plans for the next several years that should lead to a better understanding of the design and feasibility issues for all of the components. This report is an update of the progress on the R & D since the Feasibility Study of Muon Colliders presented at the Snowmass'96 Workshop [R. B. Palmer, A. Sessler and A. Tollestrup, Proceedings of the 1996 DPF/DPB Summer Study on High-Energy Physics (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Menlo Park, CA, 1997)].Comment: 95 pages, 75 figures. Submitted to Physical Review Special Topics, Accelerators and Beam

Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease: Changes in Lung Function

Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) is a distinct clinical entity that may be accompanied by interstitial lung disease (ILD). The natural history of UCTD-ILD is unknown. We hypothesized that patients with UCTD-ILD would be more likely to have improvement in lung function than those with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) during longitudinal follow-up. We identified subjects enrolled in the UCSF ILD cohort study with a diagnosis of IPF or UCTD. The primary outcome compared the presence or absence of a ≥5% increase in percent predicted forced vital capacity (FVC) in IPF and UCTD. Regression models were used to account for potential confounding variables. Ninety subjects were identified; 59 subjects (30 IPF, 29 UCTD) had longitudinal pulmonary function data for inclusion in the analysis. After accounting for baseline pulmonary function tests, treatment, and duration between studies, UCTD was associated with substantial improvement in FVC (odds ratio = 8.23, 95% confidence interval, 1.27–53.2; p = 0.03) during follow-up (median, 8 months) compared with IPF. Patients with UCTD-ILD are more likely to have improved pulmonary function during follow-up than those with IPF. These findings demonstrate the clinical importance of identifying UCTD in patients presenting with an “idiopathic” interstitial pneumonia

Kinetic Phenomena in Thin Film Electronic Materials

Contains reports on twelve research projects.National Science Foundation (Grant ECS 85-06505)U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research (Contract AFOSR-85-0154)Semiconductor Research Corporation (Contract 87-SP-080)National Science Foundation (Grant ECS 85-06565)International Business Machines, Inc.Sony International Business Machines, Inc.National Science Foundation (Grant DMR 84-18718)International Business Machines, Thomas J. Watson Research CenterJoint Services Electronics Program (Contract DAALO3-86-K-0002)National Science Foundation (Grant DMR 85-06030)Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (Contract DL-H-261827)Nippon Telegraph and Telephone, Inc