POU5F1 (OCT3/4) identifies cells with pluripotent potential in human germ cell tumors

Human germ cell tumors (GCTs) may have variable histology and clinical behavior, depending on factors such as sex of the patient, age at clinical diagnosis, and anatomical site of the tumor. Some types of GCT, i.e., the seminomas/germinomas/dysgerminomas and embryonal carcinomas (the stem cell component of nonseminomas), have pluripotent potential, which is demonstrated by their capacity to differentiate into somatic and/or extraembryonic elements. Although embryonal carcinoma cells are intrinsically pluripotent, seminoma/germinoma/dysgerminoma cells, as well as their precursor carcinoma in situ/gonadoblastoma cells, have the phenotype of early germ cells that can be activated to pluripotency. The other types of GCT (teratomas and yolk sac tumors of infants and newborn, dermoid cyst of the ovary, and spermatocytic seminoma of elderly) are composed of (fully) differentiated tissues and lack the appearance of undifferentiated and pluripotent stem cells. OCT3/4, a transcription factor also known as OTF3 and POU5F1, is involved in regulation of pluripotency during normal development and is detectable in embryonic stem and germ cells. We analyzed the presence of POU5F1 in GCT and other tumor types using immunohistochemistry. The protein was consistently detected in carcinoma in situ/gonadoblasto

Surveillance of testicular microlithiasis?: Results of an UK based national questionnaire survey

BACKGROUND: The association of testicular microlithiasis with testicular tumour and the need for follow-up remain largely unclear. METHODS: We conducted a national questionnaire survey involving consultant BAUS members (BAUS is the official national organisation (like the AUA in USA) of the practising urologists in the UK and Ireland), to provide a snapshot of current attitudes towards investigation and surveillance of patients with testicular microlithiasis. RESULTS: Of the 464 questionnaires sent to the BAUS membership, 263(57%) were returned. 251 returns (12 were incomplete) were analysed, of whom 173(69%) do and 78(31%) do not follow-up testicular microlithiasis. Of the 173 who do follow-up, 119(69%) follow-up all patients while 54(31%) follow-up only a selected group of patients. 172 of 173 use ultra sound scan while 27(16%) check tumour makers. 10(6%) arrange ultrasound scan every six months, 151(88%) annually while 10(6%) at longer intervals. 66(38%) intend to follow-up these patients for life while, 80(47%) until 55 years of age and 26(15%) for up to 5 years. 173(68.9%) believe testicular microlithiasis is associated with CIS in < 1%, 53(21%) think it is between 1&10% while 7(3%) believe it is > 10%. 109(43%) believe those patients who develop a tumour, will have survival benefit with follow-up while 142(57%) do not. Interestingly, 66(38%) who follow-up these patients do not think there is a survival benefit. CONCLUSION: There is significant variability in how patients with testicular microlithiasis are followed-up. However a majority of consultant urologists nationally, believe surveillance of this patient group confers no survival benefit. There is a clear need to clarify this issue in order to recommend a coherent surveillance policy