Microradiography as a useful technique for the rapid detection of skeletal anomalies in early sea bream juveniles

no abstract availabl

Which route of antibiotic administration should be used for third molar surgery? A split-mouth study to compare intramuscular and oral intake

Objectives. To compare the effectiveness of two different routes of antibiotic administration in preventing septic complications in patients undergoing third molar extraction. Materials and Methods. Twenty-four healthy patients requiring bilateral surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars were successfully enrolled for this study. Depth of impaction, angulation, and relationship of the lower third molars with the mandibular branch had to be overlapping on both sides. A split-mouth design was chosen, so each patient underwent both the first and second surgeries, having for each extraction a different antibiotic route of administration. The second extraction was carried out 1 month later. To compare the effects of the two routes of antibiotic administration, inflammatory parameters, such as edema, trismus, pain, fever, dysphagia and lymphadenopathy were evaluated 2 and 7 days after surgery. Side effects of each therapy were evaluated 48h after surgery. Results. oral and intramuscular antibiotic therapies overlap in preventing post-operative complications in dental surgery (p>0.05), even if the oral intake, seems to promote the onset of significant gastrointestinal disorders (p=0.003). Conclusions. This study could help dentists in their ordinary practice to choose the right route of antibiotic administration in the third molar surgery. At the same effectiveness, the higher cost and the minor compliance of the patient seem not to justify a routine antibiotic intramuscular therapy, reserving it for patients with gastrointestinal disorders

Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (Bmmcs) for the treatment of uncomplicated grade 2 ununited anconeal process (uap) in six dogs: Preliminary results

The aim of this study was to report the results of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMC) transplantation as a minimally invasive treatment for grade 2 UAP in dogs. This was an observational case series on six German shepherd dogs affected by grade 2 UAP as defined according to their clinical condition as well as radiographic and CT findings. Bone marrow was collected from the iliac crest and the mononuclear fraction was separated with density gradient centrifugation. Cells were suspended in fibrin glue before BMMC administration and implanted via transcutaneous injection under IB or CT guidance, using a spinal needle directly inserted into the ossification centre between the anconeal process and the olecranon. Clinical and radiographic follow-up was performed for up to 6 months. Microradiographic assessment was performed on one dog that died of other causes. A progressive reduction of pain within 3 weeks after BMMC administration was observed in all dogs, with gradually increased weight bearing on the affected limb. Radiographic and CT follow-up revealed the progressive fusion of the ossification centre at 90 days without any signs of secondary OA. The examination of microradiographs showed newly formed bone tissue in which a residue of calcified cartilage was present at the site of BMMC implantation. On the basis of these results, BMMC therapy for grade 2 UAP may be considered to be an effective and minimally invasive treatment option for dogs

Irisin, the novel myokine responsible for benefits of physical exercise on bone

It has been recently reported that, after physical exercise activity, the skeletal muscle releases Irisin, the newly identified myokine able of driving transition of white adipocytes into brown, following a phenomenon known as the browning response. This result suggested that skeletal muscle is crucial in the regulation of energy homeostasis, supporting its role as endocrine organ that targets adipose tissue by promoting energy expenditure. In accordance with this new finding, we demonstrated that conditioned media (CM) collected from primary myoblasts of exercised mice were able to induce osteoblast differentiation in a greater extent than those of mice housed in resting conditions and this effect is Irisin-mediated. In view of further proving the involvement of Irisin in bone metabolism, we validate its direct effect on osteoblasts by using r-Irisin. Here we show that phosphorylation of MAP kinase ERK and expression of Atf 4 (p<0,001), the key trascription factor of osteoblast differentiation, were significantly increased after Irisin treatment. Furthermore, ALP and pro-Collagen I mRNA resulted up regulated (p<0,001), as we already demonstrated by treating osteoblasts with conditioned medium from primary myoblasts of exercised mice. To recapitulate in vivo the effect of physical exercise, we injected mice with r-Irisin. Our results show that BV/TV of Irisin-treated mice was higher than vehicle-injected mice. In elderly, the severe decline of skeletal muscle function, known as Sarcopenia, is associated with impaired function of bone (Osteopenia) and these two simultaneous losses of function lead to increased risk of bone fractures. In order to reveal new strategies for treatment of sarcopenia and osteopenia, we also analyzed the effect of physical activity in old mice. Our findings demonstrate that mRNA levels of the most relevant bone proteins resulted up regulated in ex-vivo osteoblast obtained from exercised old mice compared with mice kept in resting conditions. Our data highlight a novel link in muscle-fat-bone axis demonstrating that Irisin targets bone tissue directly. Future perspectives, based on these studies, could satisfy the ongoing research of exercise-mimetic therapies with anabolic action on the skeleton

Osteogenic differentiation of dental follicle stem cells.

Background: Stem cells are defined as clonogenic cells capable of self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation. A population of these cells has been identified in human Dental Follicle (DF). Dental Follicle Stem Cells (DFSCs) were found in pediatric unerupted wisdom teeth and have been shown to differentiate, under particular conditions, into various cell types of the mesenchymal tissues. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate if cells isolated from DF show stem features, differentiate toward osteoblastic phenotype and express osteoblastic markers. Methods: We studied the immunophenotype of DFSCs by flow cytometric analysis, the osteoblastic markers of differentiated DFSCs were assayed by histochemical methods and real-time PCR. Results: We demonstrated that DFSCs expressed a heterogeneous assortment of makers associated with stemness. Moreover DFSCs differentiated into osteoblast-like cells, producing mineralized matrix nodules and expressed the typical osteoblastic markers, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and Collagen I (Coll I). Conclusion: This study suggests that DFSCs may provide a cell source for tissue engineering of bone

Effect of Different Irrigating Solutions and Endodontic Sealers on Bond Strength of the Dentin - Post Interface with and without Defects.

Abstract Aims. To investigate how the interfacial shear strength of the dentin – post interface with and without defects changes for different combinations irrigant/sealer. Methods. In forty human decoronated and instrumented teeth, fibreglass posts were in-serted. The obtained root segments were randomly assigned to four different groups ac-cording to the irrigant adopted and the cement used to seal the root canal. The root segments were processed for metyl-methacrylate embedding. Serial sections were obtained and sub-mitted to histomorphometric analyses in order to observe any defect of adhesion at the dentin – post interface and to measure the defects’ dimension. The serial sections were also submitted to micro-push-out test. The measured shear strength values were subjected to statistical analysis by one-way ANOVA. The values of bond strength determined for the defective samples were correlated with the dimension of the defects. Finite element models were built to interpret and corroborate the experimental findings. Results. ANOVA showed that the generic combination irrigant/sealer does not affect the interfacial shear strength values. The bond strength of the samples without defects was av-eragely twice as large as that of the defective samples. The defects occupying more than 12 % of the total transverse section area of the endodontic cement layer led to a reduction of the bond strength of about 70 %. The predictions of the finite element models were in agreement with the experimental results. Conclusion. Defects occupying less than 2 % of the total transverse section area of the cement layer were shown to be acceptable as they have rather negligible effects on the shear strength values. Technologies/protocols should be developed to minimize the number and the size of the defects

LIGHT/TNFSF14 regulates estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss

Bone loss induced by ovariectomy is due to the direct activity on bone cells and mesenchymal cells and to the dysregulated activity of bone marrow cells, including immune cells and stromal cells, but the underlying mechanisms are not completely known. Here, we demonstrate that ovariectomy induces the T-cell co-stimulatory cytokine LIGHT, which stimulates both osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis by modulating osteoclastogenic cytokine expression, including TNF, osteoprotegerin, and the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). Predictably, LIGHT-deficient (Tnfsf14−/−) mice are protected from ovariectomy-dependent bone loss, whereas trabecular bone mass increases in mice deficient in both LIGHT and T and B lymphocytes (Rag−/−Tnfsf14−/−) and is associated with an inversion of the TNF and RANKL/OPG ratio. Furthermore, women with postmenopausal osteoporosis display high levels of LIGHT in circulating T cells and monocytes. Taken together, these results indicate that LIGHT mediates bone loss induced by ovariectomy, suggesting that patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis may benefit from LIGHT antagonism. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

ChAMBRe: studi su bio-aerosol in camera di simulazione atmosferica

Nella Sezione di Genova dell\u2019Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare \ue8 stata recentemente installata, in collaborazione con il Laboratorio di Fisica Ambientale del Dipartimento di Fisica dell\u2019Universit\ue0 di Genova, ChAMBRe (Chamber for Aerosol Modelling and Bio-aerosol Research), la prima Camera di simulazione atmosferica specificatamente concepita per studiare la componente biologica dell\u2019aerosol atmosferico. Presso la camera di simulazione atmosferica CESAM (Cr\ue9teil, Francia) sono sati effettuati alcuni esperimenti pilota recentemente pubblicati [1], che sono stati lo spunto per la costruzione di una struttura dedicata allo studio del comportamento dei pi\uf9 comuni agenti patogeni presenti in atmosfera sotto forma di bioaerosol e in particolare dei meccanismi che controllano le interazioni tra questi e le altre componenti dell\u2019aerosol e pi\uf9 in generale dell\u2019atmosfera. L\u2019attivit\ue0 di ricerca a ChAMBRe si concentrer\ue0 sull\u2019indagine del comportamento del bio-aerosol in differenti condizioni atmosferiche e in presenza di tipici inquinanti antropici (come il monossido di carbonio, gli ossidi di azoto, etc.) che possono influenzare la vitalit\ue0, la morfologia e la dispersione dei batteri in atmosfera. Come primo passo \ue8 necessario innanzitutto mettere a punto un protocollo che garantisca la riproducibilit\ue0 degli esperimenti in una struttura complessa come ChAMBRe. Ci si \ue8 quindi concentrati su aspetti cruciali quali: crescita in vitro e successiva iniezione in camera di una data concentrazione di batteri, seguita da una fase di estrazione, campionamento e misura della vita media all\u2019interno della camera. Gli esperimenti sono volti anche ad identificare eventuali condizioni di stress ambientali e meccaniche per i microrganismi e la loro risposta come singoli individui e come colonie. Sono stati eseguiti esperimenti su due tipologie di ceppi batterici frequentemente utilizzati come organismi modello: il Bacillus subtilis e l\u2019Escherichia coli, appartenenti rispettivamente al gruppo dei Gram-positivi e dei Gram-negativi. I risultati e il protocollo sperimentale messo a punto verranno presentati a PM2018

The spatial aspects of fairness

As well as their family background, an individual's chances in life are determined by the opportunities available to them in their geographical context. This chapter therefore deals with the spatial aspects of fairness. It focuses, firstly, on socio-economic factors which are not randomly distributed in space (i.e. they have a geographical pattern). Secondly, it focuses, not on first nature geographical differences which cannot be changed (such as the presence of mountains), but on second nature geographical factors (such as access to basic services or hospitals) which can be altered and which are important in overcoming a region's natural disadvantages. It then links the two