Strong Evidence for a Buried AGN in UGC 5101: Implications for LINER-Type Ultra-Luminous Infrared Galaxies

We report on the results of 3--4 $\mu$m spectroscopy of the ultra-luminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) UGC 5101. It has a cool far-infrared color and a LINER-type optical spectrum, and so, based on a view gaining some currency, would be regarded as dominated by star formation. However, we find that it has strong 3.4 $\mu$m carbonaceous dust absorption, low-equivalent-width 3.3 $\mu$m polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission, and a small 3.3 $\mu$m PAH to far-infrared luminosity ratio. This favors an alternative scenario, in which an energetically dominant AGN is present behind obscuring dust. The AGN is plausibly obscured along all lines of sight (a `buried AGN'), rather than merely obscured along our particular line of sight. Such buried AGNs have previously been found in thermal infrared studies of the ULIRGs IRAS 08572+3915 and IRAS F00183$-$7111, both classified optically as LINERs. We argue that buried AGNs can produce LINER-type optical spectra, and that at least some fraction of LINER-type ULIRGs are predominantly powered by buried AGNs.Comment: 11 pages, 1 figure, accepted by ApJ Lette

A spaceship with a thruster - one body, one force

A spaceship with one thruster producing a constant magnitude force is analyzed for various initial conditions. This elementary problem, with one object acted upon by one force, has value as a challenge to one's physical intuition and in demonstrating the benefits and limitations of dimensional analysis. In addition, the problem can serve to introduce a student to special functions, provide a mechanical model for Fresnel integrals and the associated Cornu spiral, or be used as an example in a numerical methods course. The problem has some interesting and perhaps unexpected features.Comment: 8 pages, 12 figures. Submitted to the American Journal of Physics. After it is published, it will be found at http://scitation.aip.org/aj

Empirical development of a scale of patience

Patience is a construct not directly studied in the literature. Studies in the psychological literature have typically spoken of patience only as the converse of impatience. The assumption of these studies is that patience exists in the absence of impatience. However, other research proposes a multidimensional model of patience based on qualitative studies. It follows from the multidimensional model that patience exists on a continuum with the potential for different levels or amounts of patience across different situations. The purpose of this study was to develop an objective measure of patience.;To develop a measure of patience an item pool was constructed and reviewed, and then 347 undergraduate students completed items. Factor analysis of this initial administration identified nine factors. A final measure was developed and administered to 312 undergraduate students. To assess validity of the patience scale, students completed the Boredom Proneness Scale, the Student Version of the Jenkins Activity Scale, and a modified version of the Questionnaire Measure of Emotional Empathy in addition to the patience measure. Forty undergraduate students completed the measures at a four-week interval to assess temporal stability. Factor analysis utilized the Scree test and Kaiser eigenvalue rule in determining the number of factors to retain. Equamax rotation was the orthogonal method of factor rotation.;A six-factor model of patience was found with strong reliability for the measure as a whole (alpha = .7993) and adequate for individual factors (alpha = .7334--.5226). The six factors explained 48.282 percent of the variance. Temporal stability was high (r = .893). Support was found for convergent validity. Factor labels are postponement, even-tempered, composure, time abundance, tolerance, and limits of patience.;The Patience Scale is discussed in comparison to a sociotemporal model of patience and the other measures used in the study. Future directions for the use of the scale are discussed

A Planning-Budgeting System for the South Eastern Special Education Joint Agreement

Special education cost studies since the mid-nineteen fifties report problems in obtaining accurate financial information relative to programs and pupils. The author addresses similiar difficulties encountered when restrictive sources of revenue are maintained as separate from the special education joint agreement budget. This study was conducted for two purposes: (1) To develop a planning-budgeting system which would organize multi-sources of revenue into one joint agreement financial plan; and (2) To develop a planning-budgeting chart of accounts. Five criteria were applied to the development of the planning-budgeting system: (1) It must allow for planning the total scope of joint agreement operations; (2) It must be compatable with and identify each source of revenue within the joint agreement; (3) It must be consistent with accounting principles of the Illinois State Board of Education; (4) It must allow for cost analysis by program and by pupil; and (5) It must be practical. Six procedures were employed to conduct this study; (1) comparing all separate restrictive budgets to the joint agreement chart of accounts; (2) comparing the chart of accounts to the Illinois Program Accounting Manual; (3) selecting accounting dimensions necessary for identifying program and pupil costs; (4) expanding the joint agreement chart of accounts to accomodate planning and budgeting; (5) designing the planning-budgeting system format; and (6) matching and aggregating all existing budgets into this system. The five criteria applied to this planning-budgeting system were satisfied. This system allows for planning the total scope of financial operations of the joint agreement while viewing independent multiple sources of revenue. This system is compatable with, and identifies each source of funds within the joint agreement. The system is compatable with the Illinois Program Accounting Manual as evidenced by ease of adaptability to the Illinois State Board of Education Joint Agreement Budget Form. This system allows for projection of per capita costs by individual program, groups of programs, and by joint agreement. Finally, this system is practical for program and financial audit purposes. Because this planning-budgeting system requires fourteen digit code descriptors, it best is suited for computer operations