High speed rail service and socio economic transformations in local areas, a review

Many High-Speed Rail (HSR) projects exist in Europe and elsewhere in the world and generate many expectations of stakeholders in local economic areas. But their effects are controversial. There is a gap between academic literature (AL) and non-academic literature (NAL). The aim of the paper is to present a review of both kinds of literature because the effects of HSR are far from being a closed debate in AL. We highlight the relative proximity between AL and the stakeholders' expectations in local economic areas. We emphasize however the more general characteristics of the effects mentioned by NAL which appear to be a first explanation of the continuity of this controversy. We also show that AL identifies some extremely diverse and often more precise conditions for these effects, which are only partially presented in NAL. The area stakeholders omit the specificities of local areas and the largely contextualized effects and conditions. Another explanation could be that although AL puts the effects into perspective, it does not really question the effects. It supposes that, in specific cases, there will be effects if the conditions are present. The myth according to which automatic effects of High-Speed Rail on local economic development will occur can then continue to exist. But there is a risk to generalize conclusions that are linked to particular cases in terms of the economic situation, the geographical location, the quality of the service, attendance, specific resources and the actors' strategies, etc

Grande vitesse ferroviaire et développement economique local : une revue de la littérature

International audienceDes projets de lignes à grande vitesse existent dans de nombreux pays. Les acteurs économiques des territoires desservis ou qui le seront, ont eu ou ont de multiples attentes concernant cette desserte qui modifie l'accessibilité de leurs territoires : dynamisme économique, arrivée de nouvelles entreprises et populations, développement du tourisme, ou de projets immobiliers résidentiels et de bureaux autour des gares, etc. La permanence de ces attentes, alors que le mythe des effets structurants des infrastructures de transport a depuis longtemps été remis en question dans la littérature académique, est à l'origine de notre questionnement. L'objectif de cette communication est de présenter une revue de la littérature académique mais également non académique relative aux effets de la grande vitesse ferroviaire sur le développement local afin d'identifier les raisons de cette déconnexion entre les travaux académiques et les discours politiques

Grande vitesse ferroviaire et développement économique local : une revue de la littérature (article)

International audienceDes projets de lignes à grande vitesse existent dans de nombreux pays. Les acteurs économiques des territoires qui seront desservis ont de multiples attentes concernant cette desserte qui modifie l’accessibilité de leurs territoires : dynamisme économique, arrivée de nouvelles entreprises et populations, développement du tourisme, ou de projets immobiliers résidentiels et de bureaux autour des gares, etc. Or ces attentes ne sont pas toujours fondées. En effet, l’existence d’un lien automatique entre ces infrastructures et le développement local a depuis longtemps été remise en question. Pour autant, dans certains cas, de nouvelles dynamiques émergent dans les territoires desservis. L’objectif de cette communication est de présenter une revue de la littérature académique mais également non académique afin d’identifier les raisons d’une telle déconnexion entre la littérature scientifique et les discours politiques

An expression/secretion system for production of heterologous proteins in the non-conventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica: the example of the cytokinin oxidase from Zea mays

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Yarrowia lipolytica, a yeast expression system adapted to the genetic engineering of complex proteins: directed mutagenesis of a fungal laccase

Numerous heterologous proteins have been successfully producedin Y. lipolytica, a dimorphic yeast with high secreting capacitiesAbstracts513(Madzak J. Biotechnol 2004; 109: 63), including complex metalloproteinssuch as laccases (Jolivalt AMB 2005; 66: 450; MadzakFEMSYR 2005; in press). Laccases are multicopper oxidases usedin industrial oxidative processes, with potential applications indepollution (Mougin. Environ Chem Lett 2003; 1: 145). The designof recombinant laccases fully adapted to industrial applicationswill be possible using genetic engineering.Y. lipolytica expressionsystem enables high transformation efficiency, as well as controlof both copy number and integration locus of transformants.The successful production of active Trametes versicolor laccase(Jolivalt, 2005) has been a preliminary step towards engineeringthis enzyme for environmental applications. Crystal structure ofT. versicolor laccase (Bertrand, Biochem 2002; 41: 7325) enlightedthe interaction of amino acid 206 (Aspartate) with the substrate.This Aspartate is conserved among laccases from basidiomycetes.We tested the effects of its replacement by Glutamate (conservedamong ascomycetes), Asparagine (conserved among plants),or Alanine. Mutated recombinant laccases were expressed inY. lipolytica, using an expression/secretion vector which allowsthe precise targeting of monocopy integration events at a dockingplatform into the recipient strain genome (Madzak JMMB 2000;2: 207). This system reproducibly provides transformants carryinga unique expression cassette, integrated at a precisely known site.We were thus able to analyze the consequences of each mutationon laccase activity on various substrates. This work exemplifiesthe potential of Y. lipolytica expression system for the geneticengineering of complex proteins