Internationalisation of Spanish fashion brand Zara

Zara is one of the world’s most successful fashion retailers operating in 59 countries. However, there is little research about the firm in English as the majority of publications have been written in Spanish. This paper seeks to address this gap in the literature by examining the internationalisation process of Zara. This study adopts an in-depth case approach based on extensive secondary research. Literature published in both English and Spanish has been reviewed, including company documents such as annual reports. The paper starts with a brief overview of the global textile and clothing industry, followed by the case study of Zara. The main part of the case examines the key aspects in the internationalisation of Zara namely: motives for internationalisation, market selection, entry strategies, and international marketing strategies. In the final section, comparisons are made between Zara and two of its main competitors, H&M and Gap

Scaling from Jupiter to pulsars and the acceleration of cosmic ray particles by pulsars, 3

An expression for the rate of energy generation by a pulsar an estimate of contribution from all the pulsars in our galaxy to the observed cosmic ray intensity was presented. The theory was then developed to an expanded version, and observational facts supporting the theory were cited