32,966 research outputs found
Quantifying the Morphologies and Dynamical Evolution of Galaxy Clusters. I. The Method
We describe and test a method to quantitatively classify clusters of galaxies
according to their projected morphologies. This method will be subsequently
used to place constraints on cosmological parameters ( and the power
spectrum of primordial fluctuations on scales at or slightly smaller than that
of clusters) and to test theories of cluster formation. We specifically address
structure that is easily discernible in projection and dynamically important to
the cluster. The method is derived from the two-dimensional multipole expansion
of the projected gravitational potential and yields dimensionless {\it power
ratios} as morphological statistics. If the projected mass profile is used to
characterize the cluster morphology, the power ratios are directly related to
the cluster potential. However, since detailed mass profiles currently exist
for only a few clusters, we use the X-ray--emitting gas as an alternative
tracer of cluster morphology. In this case, the relation of the power ratios to
the potential is qualitatively preserved. We demonstrate the feasibility of the
method by analyzing simulated observations of simple models of X-ray clusters
using the instrument parameters of the ROSAT PSPC. For illustrative purposes,
we apply the method to ROSAT PSPC images of A85, A514, A1750, and A2029. These
clusters, which differ substantially in their X-ray morphologies, are easily
distinguished by their respective power ratios. We discuss the suitability of
this method to address the connection between cluster morphology and cosmology
and to assess whether an individual cluster is sufficiently relaxed for
analysis of its intrinsic shape using hydrostatic methods. Approximately 50
X-ray observations of Abell clusters with the PSPC will be amenable to
morphological analysis using the method of this paper.Comment: To appear in ApJ October 20, 1995. 29 pages (7 figures missing),
PostScrip
A New Approximate Fracture Mechanics Analysis Methodology for Composites with a Crack or Hole
A new approximate theory which links the inherent flaw concept with the theory of crack tip stress singularities at a bi-material interface was developed. Three assumptions were made: (1) the existence of inherent flaw (i.e., damage zone) at the tip of the crack, (2) a fracture of the filamentary composites initiates at a crack lying in the matrix material at the interface of the matrix/filament, and (3) the laminate fails whenever the principal load-carrying laminae fails. This third assumption implies that for a laminate consisting of 0 degree plies, cracks into matrix perpendicular to the 0 degree filaments are the triggering mechanism for the final failure. Based on this theory, a parameter bar K sub Q which is similar to the stress intensity factor for isotropic materials but with a different dimension was defined. Utilizing existing test data, it was found that bar K sub Q can be treated as a material constant. Based on this finding a fracture mechanics analysis methodology was developed. The analytical results are correlated well with test results. This new approximate theory can apply to both brittle and metal matrix composite laminates with crack or hole
TEC enhancement due to energetic electrons above Taiwan and the West Pacific
The energetic electrons of the inner radiation belt during a geomagnetic
disturbance can penetrate in the forbidden range of drift shells located at the
heights of the topside equatorial ionosphere (<1000 km). A good correlation was
previously revealed between positive ionospheric storms and intense fluxes of
quasi-trapped 30-keV electrons at ~900 km height in the forbidden zone. In the
present work, we use statistics to validate an assumption that the intense
electron fluxes in the topside equatorial ionosphere can be an important source
of the ionization in the low-latitude ionosphere. The data on the energetic
electrons were obtained from polar orbiting satellites over the periods of the
62 strong geomagnetic storms from 1999 to 2006. Ionospheric response to the
selected storms was determined using global ionospheric maps of vertical total
electron content (VTEC). A case-event study of a major storm on 9 November 2004
provided experimental evidence in support to the substantial ionization effect
of energetic electrons during positive ionospheric storms at the low latitudes.
Statistical analysis of nine magnetic storms indicated that the VTEC increases
coincided with and coexisted with intense 30-keV electron fluxes irrespective
of local time and phase of geomagnetic storm. We concluded that extremely
intense fluxes of the 30-keV electrons in the topside low-latitude ionosphere
can contribute ~ 10 - 30 TECU to the localized positive ionospheric storms.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, 1 table accepted for publication in Terrestrial,
Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (TAO), Dec. 2012 A special issue on
"Connection of solar and heliospheric activities with near-Earth space
weather: Sun-Earth connection
Strain modification in coherent Ge and SixGe1–x epitaxial films by ion-assisted molecular beam epitaxy
We have observed large changes in Ge and SixGe1–x layer strain during concurrent molecular beam epitaxial growth and low-energy bombardment. Layers are uniformly strained, coherent with the substrate, and contain no dislocations, suggesting that misfit strain is accommodated by free volume changes associated with injection of ion bombardment induced point defects. The dependence of layer strain on ion energy, ion-atom flux ratio, and temperature is consistent with the presence of a uniform dispersion of point defects at high concentration. Implications for distinguishing ion-surface interactions from ion-bulk interactions are discussed
Self-consistent determination of the perpendicular strain profile of implanted Si by analysis of x-ray rocking curves
Results of a determination of strain perpendicular to the surface and of the damage in (100) Si single crystals irradiated by 250-keV Ar+ ions at 77 K are presented. Double-crystal x-ray diffraction and dynamical x-ray diffraction theory are used. Trial strain and damage distributions were guided by transmission electron microscope observations and Monte Carlo simulation of ion energy deposition. The perpendicular strain and damage profiles, determined after sequentially removing thin layers of Ar+-implanted Si, were shown to be self-consistent, proving the uniqueness of the deconvolution. Agreement between calculated and experimental rocking curves is obtained with strain and damage distributions which closely follow the shape of the trim simulations from the maximum damage to the end of the ion range but fall off more rapidly than the simulation curve near the surface. Comparison of the trim simulation and the strain profile of Ar+-implanted Si reveals the importance of annealing during and after implantation and the role of complex defects in the final residual strain distribution
Large eddy simulations and direct numerical simulations of high speed turbulent reacting flows
This research is involved with the implementations of advanced computational schemes based on large eddy simulations (LES) and direct numerical simulations (DNS) to study the phenomenon of mixing and its coupling with chemical reactions in compressible turbulent flows. In the efforts related to LES, a research program was initiated to extend the present capabilities of this method for the treatment of chemically reacting flows, whereas in the DNS efforts, focus was on detailed investigations of the effects of compressibility, heat release, and nonequilibrium kinetics modeling in high speed reacting flows. The efforts to date were primarily focussed on simulations of simple flows, namely, homogeneous compressible flows and temporally developing hign speed mixing layers. A summary of the accomplishments is provided
CP, T and CPT Violations in the K^0 - bar{K^0} System -- Present Status --
Possible violation of CP, T and CPT symmetries in the K^0 - bar{K^0} system
is studied in a way as phenomenological and comprehensive as possible. For this
purpose, we first introduce parameters which represent violation of these
symmetries in mixing parameters and decay amplitudes in a convenient and
well-defined way and, treating these parameters as small, derive formulas which
relate them to the experimentally measured quantities. We then perform
numerical analyses to derive constraints to these symmetry-violating
parameters, with the latest data reported by KTeV Collaboration, NA48
Collaboration and CPLEAR Collaboration, along with those compiled by Particle
Data Group, used as inputs. The result obtained by CPLEAR Collaboration from an
unconstrained fit to a time-dependent leptonic asymmetry, aided by the
Bell-Steinberger relation, enables us to determine or constrain most of the
parameters separately. It is shown among the other things that (1) CP and T
symmetries are violated definitively at least at the level of 10^{-4} in 2 pi
decays, (2) CP and T symmetries are violated at least at the level of 10^{-3}
in the K^0 - bar{K^0} mixing, and (3) CPT symmetry is at present tested to the
level of 10^{-5} at the utmost.Comment: 20 page
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