Increased autophagy in EphrinB2-deficient osteocytes is associated with elevated secondary mineralization and brittle bone

Mineralized bone forms when collagen-containing osteoid accrues mineral crystals. This is initiated rapidly (primary mineralization), and continues slowly (secondary mineralization) until bone is remodeled. The interconnected osteocyte network within the bone matrix differentiates from bone-forming osteoblasts; although osteoblast differentiation requires EphrinB2, osteocytes retain its expression. Here we report brittle bones in mice with osteocyte-targeted EphrinB2 deletion. This is not caused by low bone mass, but by defective bone material. While osteoid mineralization is initiated at normal rate, mineral accrual is accelerated, indicating that EphrinB2 in osteocytes limits mineral accumulation. No known regulators of mineralization are modified in the brittle cortical bone but a cluster of autophagy-associated genes are dysregulated. EphrinB2-deficient osteocytes displayed more autophagosomes in vivo and in vitro, and EphrinB2-Fc treatment suppresses autophagy in a RhoA-ROCK dependent manner. We conclude that secondary mineralization involves EphrinB2-RhoA-limited autophagy in osteocytes, and disruption leads to a bone fragility independent of bone mass

RARγ is a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis

Vitamin A is known to influence post-natal bone content, with excess intake being associated with reduced bone mineral density and increased fracture risk. Despite this, the roles retinoids play in regulating osteoclastogenesis, particularly in vivo, remain unresolved. This study therefore aimed to determine the effect of loss of retinoic acid receptors (RAR)α or RARγ on bone mass (analyzed by histomorphometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and osteoclastogenesis in mice in vivo. RARγ null mice had significantly less trabecular bone at 8 weeks of age compared to wildtype littermates. In contrast, no change in trabecular bone mass was detected in RARα null mice at this age. Further histomorphometric analysis revealed a significantly greater osteoclast surface in bones from 8-week-old RARγ null male mice. This in vivo effect was cell lineage autonomous, and was associated with increased osteoclastogenesis in vitro from hematopoietic cells obtained from 8-week-old RARγ null male mice. The use of highly selective agonists in RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation of wild type mouse whole bone marrow cells and RAW264.7 cells in vitro showed a stronger inhibitory effect of RARγ than RARα agonists, suggesting that RARγ is a more potent inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, NFAT activation was also more strongly inhibited by RARγ than RARα agonists. While RARα and RARγ antagonists did not significantly affect osteoclast numbers in vitro, larger osteoclasts were observed in cultures stimulated with the antagonists, suggesting increased osteoclast fusion. Further investigation into the effect of retinoids in vivo revealed that oral administration of 5 mg/kg/day ATRA for 10 days protected against bone loss induced by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) by inhibiting the pro-osteoclastogenic action of G-CSF. Collectively, our data indicates a physiological role for RARγ as a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis in vivo and in vitro, and reveals distinct influences of RARα and RARγ in bone structure regulation