A Bible Training Program for Female Leaders in the Lutheran Church in East Africa

This capstone investigates the relevant issues that will impact the content and format of the curriculum to be developed by LCMS World Mission to teach and equip women at their Mission Training Centers in East Africa. The primary questions that guided the field research and literature search were: How do women in East Africa communicate, learn, teach and remember? What other cultural, environmental or religious issues impact the content or presentation of the material or the structure of the program? Could Theological Education by Extension (TEE) and/or Chronological Bible Storying (CBS) serve as models for a program to train East African women? In the field research it was discovered that the literacy rate among the women\u27s groups who participated was less than 50% and that a significant number of the leaders were functionally nonliterate. The women also shared the topics about which they would like to learn (i.e., felt spiritual needs) and the best times to conduct the training. Finally, through one-on-one conversations, the author collected information about the impact of HIV/AIDS, drought, war and Islam on their families, communities and churches. The literature search produced information on the learning processes of nonliterate people, concepts that may be difficult to understand or accept due to traditional beliefs and practices, and the use of TEE and CBS models to train local leaders. Recommendations for the development of the curriculum as well as samples of the first four lessons are provided

La pholcodine est-elle un facteur de risque pour l’allergie aux myorelaxants ?

International audienc

Anaesthetic hypersensitivity reactions in France between 2011 and 2012: the 10th GERAP epidemiologic survey

International audienceBACKGROUND:Immediate hypersensitivity reactions during anaesthesia are rare but potentially life-threatening. The epidemiology changes with time and evolving professional practice, and hence needs to be monitored. Our objective was to follow this epidemiology.METHODS:This was a retrospective, observational study in French hospital clinics, conducted by GERAP members (Groupe d'Étude des Réactions Anaphylactoïdes Périopératoires). Consecutive patients seen in allergo-anaesthesia outpatient clinics, who had experienced a hypersensitivity reaction during anaesthesia between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2012, were included. Demographic data, allergy history, drugs received before the reaction, symptoms of the reaction, results of blood samples (histamine, tryptase, IgE-specific assays), and results of the allergy assessment were recorded.RESULTS:The most common causes of allergic reactions were (Neuromuscular Blocking Agents) NMBAs (N = 302; 60.6%), antibiotics (N = 91, 18.2%, Cephalosporin N = 49, 10%) and dyes (N = 27; 5.4%). Latex as an allergic agent was involved in 26 cases (5.2%), hypnotics in 11 cases (2.2%) and opioids in seven cases (1.4%). Of the NMBAs, Rocuronium had the highest proportion of reactions (13.8 reactions/100,000 vials sold) followed by Suxamethonium (13.3/100,000 vials sold). Cisatracurium had the lowest proportion of reactions (0.4/100,000 vials sold). Patients were sensitized to two or more NMBAs in 48.9% of cases and without testing, cross-sensitivity cannot be predicted.CONCLUSIONS:When compared with the previous GERAP studies, NMBAs are still the most frequently triggering allergens, with marked differences between individual NMBAs, but they are now followed by antibiotics (of which greater than 50% were cephalosporins) and dyes. Anaesthetists must be aware of the differences between drugs and of the pattern of emerging allergens. For the future of safe anaesthesia, allergy assessment is essential

Ordonnancements dans les systèmes flexibles de production

International audienc