Music Piracy: Bad for Record Sales but Good for the iPod?

Music piracy is a double-edged sword for the music industry. On the one hand, it hurts record sales. On the other hand, it increases sales of its complements. To quantify the effect of music piracy, I construct a unique survey data set and use a Bayesian method to estimate the demand for music and iPods, and find three things. First, music piracy decreases music sales by 24% to 42%. Second, music piracy contributes 12% to iPod sales. Finally, counterfactual experiments show that Apple's revenue could increase by $36 per student if music were free

A H<inf>2</inf>S microsensor for profiling biofilms and sediments: Application in an acidic lake sediment

We developed a microsensor for the amperometric detection of dissolved hydrogen sulfide, H2S, in sediments and biofilms. The microsensor exhibits a fast (t90 1000 μmol H2S l-1, and has a low stirring dependency of the microsensor signal (<1 to 2%). We used the new microsensor to obtain the first microprofiles of H2S in an acidic lake sediment with a several cm thick flocculant surface layer. Despite the low pH of 4.6, a relative low SO42- level in the lake water, and a broad O2 respiration zone of ca 6 mm, we were able to measure H2S depth profiles in the sediment at a good resolution, that allowed for calculation of specific sulfate reduction and H2S oxidation activities. Such calculations showed highest sulfate reduction activity in the anoxic sediment down to ca 20 mm depth. A comparison of calculated areal rates of O2 consumption and sulfate reduction indicated that sulfate reduction accounted for up to 13% of total organic carbon mineralization in the acidic sediment. All produced H2S was reoxidizecl aerobically with O2 at the oxic-anoxic interface. In addition to its good performance in acidic environments, the new H2S microsensor has proven useful for sulfide measurements in neutral and moderate alkaline (pH < 9) biofilms and sediments, and thus is a true alternative to the traditionally used potentiometric Ag/Ag2S microelectrode for most applications in aquatic ecology and biogeochemistry

Analytik von Ruestungsaltlasten. Teilvorhaben 1: Entwicklung von Analysenmethoden zur Bestimmung von Wasserproben im Einzugsgebiet von Ruestungsaltlasten Abschlussbericht

Liquid/liquid and solid/liquid extraction methods for the determination of explosives and related compounds in aqueous samples of former ammunition production sites were tested and validated. For the instrumental analysis of these pollutants mainly methods based on gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were developed and validated, where the former method is suited for thermally stable, the latter for thermally labile explosives. Apart from methods for the analysis of nitroaromatics, nitramines and nitrate esters also methods for the determination of nitrophenols, chlorinated nitrobenzenes and aromatic amines were developed. These compounds are by-products for degradation products in ammunition waste. Moreover, the method of 'automated multiple development' thin layer chromatography and the proton nuclear magnetic resonance have been applied to the identification and quantitation of explosives and related compounds. The AMD technique is particularly suited for a rapid screening of a large number of aqueous or solid samples. The NMR technique allows the 'non-target'-analysis of compounds in aqueous samples of ammunition hazardous waste sites. Using this method a variety of hitherto unknown pollutants could be identified. (orig.)Available from TIB Hannover: RR 5370(1995,11)+a / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEBundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technologie (BMFT), Bonn (Germany)DEGerman

DYSMON II. Dynamik in Sulfid- und Methanbiotopen der Ost- und Nordsee. Abschlussbericht. Bd. 1

Working from the results of DYSMON I the purpose of the DYSMON II project was to examine the emergence of sulphidic, low-oxygen environments and microorganismic and faunal responses to this. The focus was on determining the resilience of ecologically important organisms after sudden drops in sulphide concentration and tolerance of oxygen deficiency and sulphide. Whereas in DYSMON I samples had largely been taken from natural sites, DYSMON II made use of ecological manipulation experiments (tarpaulin covers) so as to simulate natural covering with algae. A real-life experiment took place at Hiddensee in May 1995 when the effects of a very thick layer of algae were examined. This natural occurrence of an anoxic, sulphidic environment permitted a comparison with the experimentally induced anoxia in the sediments. (orig.)Das Projekt DYSMON II untersuchte, aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen von DYSMON I, die Entstehung sulfidischer, sauerstoffarmer Lebensbereiche und die darauf folgende Reaktion von Mikroorganismen und Fauna. Schwerpunkte lagen dabei auf der Ermittlung der Resilienz oekologisch wichtiger Organismen nach 'Sulfideinbruechen' und auf Untersuchungen zur Toleranz gegenueber Sauerstoffmangel und Sulfid. Waren waehrend DYSMON I ueberwiegend natuerliche Standorte beprobt worden, so konnten waehrend DYSMON II oekologische Manipulationsexperimente (Planenabdeckung) vorgenommen werden, um natuerliche Algenabdeckungen zu simulieren. Als Realexperiment gelang es, im Mai 1995 am Standort Hiddensee die Auswirkung einer sehr dicken Algenschicht zu erfassen. Diese natuerliche Entstehung von anoxischen, sulfidischen Bedingungen erlaubte einen Vergleich mit der experimentell induzierten Anoxie in den Sedimenten. (orig.)Available from TIB Hannover: F97B1291 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEBundesministerium fuer Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, Bonn (Germany)DEGerman