285 research outputs found
Consideration of the relationship between Kepler and cyclotron dynamics leading to prediction of a non-MHD gravity-driven Hamiltonian dynamo
Conservation of canonical angular momentum shows that charged particles are
typically constrained to stay within a poloidal Larmor radius of a poloidal
magnetic flux surface. However, more detailed consideration shows that
particles with a critical charge to mass ratio can have zero canonical angular
momentum and so be both immune from centrifugal force and not constrained to
stay in the vicinity of a specific flux surface. Suitably charged dust grains
can have zero canonical angular momentum and in the presence of a gravitational
field will spiral inwards across poloidal magnetic surfaces toward the central
object and accumulate. This accumulation results in a gravitationally-driven
dynamo, i.e., a mechanism for converting gravitational potential energy into a
battery-like electric power source.Comment: 14 pages, 1 figur
Thermodynamical Properties of Hall Systems
We study quantum Hall effect within the framework of a newly proposed
approach, which captures the principal results of some proposals. This can be
established by considering a system of particles living on the non-commutative
plane in the presence of an electromagnetic field and quantum statistical
mechanically investigate its basic features. Solving the eigenvalue equation,
we analytically derive the energy levels and the corresponding wavefunctions.
These will be used, at low temperature and weak electric field, to determine
the thermodynamical potential \Omega^{nc} and related physical quantities.
Varying \Omega^{nc} with respect to the non-commutativity parameter \theta, we
define a new function that can be interpreted as a \Omega^{nc} density.
Evaluating the particle number, we show that the Hall conductivity of the
system is \theta-dependent. This allows us to make contact with quantum Hall
effect by offering different interpretations. We study the high temperature
regime and discuss the magnetism of the system. We finally show that at
\theta=2l_B^2, the system is sharing some common features with the Laughlin
theory.Comment: 20 pages, misprints correcte
Globale Herausforderung für die Siedlungswasserwirtschaft: Ein Roadmapping für dezentrale Wassertechnologien im Jahr 2020
Coatings for FEL optics preparation and characterization of B4C and Pt
Large X ray mirrors are required for beam transport at both present day and future free electron lasers FELs and synchrotron sources worldwide. The demand for large mirrors with lengths up to 1 m single layers consisting of light or heavy elements has increased during the last few decades. Accordingly, surface finishing technology is now able to produce large substrate lengths with micro roughness on the sub nanometer scale. At the Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht HZG , a 4.5 m long sputtering facility enables us to deposit a desired single layer material some tens of nanometers thick. For the European XFEL project, the shape error should be less than 2 nm over the whole 1 m X ray mirror length to ensure the safe and efficient delivery of X ray beams to the scientific instruments. The challenge is to achieve thin film deposition on silicon substrates, benders and gratings without any change in mirror shape. Thin films of boron carbide and platinum with a thickness in the range 30 100 nm were manufactured using the HZG sputtering facility. This setup is able to cover areas of up to 1500 mm x120 mm in one step using rectangular sputtering sources. The coatings produced were characterized using various thin film methods. It was possible to improve the coating process to achieve a very high uniformity of the layer thickness. The movement of the substrate in front of the sputtering source has been optimized. Avariation in B4C layer thickness below 1 nm peak to valley was achieved at a mean thickness of 51.8 nm over a deposition length of 1.5 m. In the case of Pt, reflectometry and micro roughness measurements were performed. The uniformity in layer thickness was about 1 nm peak to valley . The micro roughness of the Pt layers showed no significant change in the coated state for layer thicknesses of 32 nm and 102 nm compared with the uncoated substrate state. The experimental results achieved will be discussed with regard to current restrictions and future development
Barycentric decomposition of quantum measurements in finite dimensions
We analyze the convex structure of the set of positive operator valued
measures (POVMs) representing quantum measurements on a given finite
dimensional quantum system, with outcomes in a given locally compact Hausdorff
space. The extreme points of the convex set are operator valued measures
concentrated on a finite set of k \le d^2 points of the outcome space, d<
\infty being the dimension of the Hilbert space. We prove that for second
countable outcome spaces any POVM admits a Choquet representation as the
barycenter of the set of extreme points with respect to a suitable probability
measure. In the general case, Krein-Milman theorem is invoked to represent
POVMs as barycenters of a certain set of POVMs concentrated on k \le d^2 points
of the outcome space.Comment: !5 pages, no figure
Effect of Yttrium (Y) and Zirconium (Zr) Doping on the Thermodynamical Stability of the Cubic Ba<sub>0.5</sub>Sr<sub>0.5</sub>Co<sub>0.8</sub>Fe0.2O<sub>3-δ</sub> Phase
Stationary Metrics and Optical Zermelo-Randers-Finsler Geometry
We consider a triality between the Zermelo navigation problem, the geodesic
flow on a Finslerian geometry of Randers type, and spacetimes in one dimension
higher admitting a timelike conformal Killing vector field. From the latter
viewpoint, the data of the Zermelo problem are encoded in a (conformally)
Painleve-Gullstrand form of the spacetime metric, whereas the data of the
Randers problem are encoded in a stationary generalisation of the usual optical
metric. We discuss how the spacetime viewpoint gives a simple and physical
perspective on various issues, including how Finsler geometries with constant
flag curvature always map to conformally flat spacetimes and that the Finsler
condition maps to either a causality condition or it breaks down at an
ergo-surface in the spacetime picture. The gauge equivalence in this network of
relations is considered as well as the connection to analogue models and the
viewpoint of magnetic flows. We provide a variety of examples.Comment: 37 pages, 6 figure
Flux of Atmospheric Neutrinos
Atmospheric neutrinos produced by cosmic-ray interactions in the atmosphere
are of interest for several reasons. As a beam for studies of neutrino
oscillations they cover a range of parameter space hitherto unexplored by
accelerator neutrino beams. The atmospheric neutrinos also constitute an
important background and calibration beam for neutrino astronomy and for the
search for proton decay and other rare processes. Here we review the literature
on calculations of atmospheric neutrinos over the full range of energy, but
with particular attention to the aspects important for neutrino oscillations.
Our goal is to assess how well the properties of atmospheric neutrinos are
known at present.Comment: 68 pages, 26 figures. With permission from the Annual Review of
Nuclear & Particle Science. Final version of this material is scheduled to
appear in the Annual Review of Nuclear & Particle Science Vol. 52, to be
published in December 2002 by Annual Reviews (http://annualreviews.org
Variation of elastic scattering across a quantum well
The Drude scattering times of electrons in two subbands of a parabolic
quantum well have been studied at constant electron sheet density and different
positions of the electron distribution along the growth direction. The
scattering times obtained by magnetotransport measurements decrease as the
electrons are displaced towards the well edges, although the lowest-subband
density increases. By comparing the measurements with calculations of the
scattering times of a two-subband system, new information on the location of
the relevant scatterers and the anisotropy of intersubband scattering is
obtained. It is found that the scattering time of electrons in the lower
subband depends sensitively on the position of the scatterers, which also
explains the measured dependence of the scattering on the carrier density. The
measurements indicate segregation of scatterers from the substrate side towards
the quantum well during growth.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
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