Adult Female Spruce Bedworm, \u3ci\u3eChoristoneura Fumiferana\u3c/i\u3e (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Dry Weight in Relationship to Pupal Fresh Weight and Case Diameter

(excerpt) The weights of adult insects are often measured in production and population studies in order to estimate such variables as growth rates, food conversion efficiencies, fecundity, and others. For the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), both pupal fresh weights and pupal case diameters have been measured as indicators of adult fecundity and adult dry weights (Miller 1957). However, there are no reports explicitly showing the relationship between these metric pupal variables and adult dry weights. This is the goal of this note

The Rite of Initiation in Pinter\u27s The Birthday Party

The paper is an attempt to give full treatment to elements in Harold Pinter\u27s The Birthday Party which suggest the rite of initiation practiced in primitive societies. A few critics have touched upon the subject of initiation in the play, but they fail to discuss it in detail. Extensive comparisons are made between Charles Eckert\u27s summary of initiation rituals and the actions and characters in the play. The initiate is isolated from society as a preliminary to the rite of initiation; Stanley is isolated in a seaside boarding house. The initiate is secluded in a dark and threatening place; Stanley sits alone during the party until forced into a game of blindman\u27s buff. The initiate must endure ordeals or perform feats; Stanley endures the ordeal of blindman\u27s buff. The initiate endures hazing (physical or mental harassment); Stanley endures an Inquisition at the hands of Goldberg and McCann. The initiate goes through a phase of instruction during the initiation rite; Stanley is instructed with a litany of the sacred cliches of his society. The initiate is marked as an adult by some sort of bodily mutilation; Stanley is clean-shaven for the first time in the play just before Goldberg and McCann take him away. The initiate undergoes the rite of investiture, in which he is dressed in adult clothing; Stanley appears in a suit, carrying a bowler hat, just before being taken away. Anthropological material is used to support these parallels between the rite of initiation and the events in the play. The second part of the paper details the organic connections between the initiatory imagery and other levels of meaning in the play. Images of birth and death are related symbolically to the rite of initiation. Details concerning family relationships (e.g. Stan and Meg\u27s pseudo-incest) pertain to initiation. The theme of individual vs. society is related to initiation, complicated by the fact that Pinter portrays Goldberg and McCann as representatives of a corrupt, decadent society. The theme of man\u27s place in the universe relates to initiation, which instructs man about his place in the universe. In Pinter\u27s universe, man is blind and faces uncertainty and hostility. The conclusion focuses on the contributions made by the initiatory imagery in the creation of an organically whole play. The initiatory elements support, or otherwise relate to, several thematic levels of the play, thus making an effective contribution to the whole

A dynamics-driven approach to precision machines design for micro-manufacturing and its implementation perspectives

Precision machines are essential elements in fabricating high quality micro products or micro features and directly affect the machining accuracy, repeatability and efficiency. There are a number of literatures on the design of industrial machine elements and a couple of precision machines commercially available. However, few researchers have systematically addressed the design of precision machines from the dynamics point of view. In this paper, the design issues of precision machines are presented with particular emphasis on the dynamics aspects as the major factors affecting the performance of the precision machines and machining processes. This paper begins with a brief review of the design principles of precision machines with emphasis on machining dynamics. Then design processes of precision machines are discussed, and followed by a practical modelling and simulation approaches. Two case studies are provided including the design and analysis of a fast tool servo system and a 5-axis bench-top micro-milling machine respectively. The design and analysis used in the two case studies are formulated based on the design methodology and guidelines

Observations of Anomalous Cosmic Rays at 1 AU

Anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) provide a sensitive probe of the access of energetic particles to the inner heliosphere, varying in intensity by more than two orders of magnitude during the course of the solar cycle. New data which are becoming available from the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) can provide a detailed record of ACR intensity and spectral changes on short (~ 1 day) time scales during the approach to solar maximum, which will help address issues of ACR modulation and transport. The elemental and isotopic composition of ACRs provides important information on the source or sources of these particles, while their ionic charge state composition and its energy dependence serves as a diagnostic of their acceleration time scale. We review measurements of the ACR elemental, isotopic, and charge state composition and spectra as determined at 1 AU by SAMPEX, ACE, Wind, and other spacecraft. These results are important input to models of the acceleration, modulation, and transport of ACRs

Solar Coronal Abundances of Rare Elements Based on Solar Energetic Particles

Although solar energetic particle (SEP) abundances vary from event to event, it has been shown that by accounting for these variations it is possible to use SEP data to obtain reliable estimates of elemental abundances for the solar corona. We analyze ~20 to 65 MeV/nucleon measurements from the Solar Isotope Spectrometer on ACE in large SEP events observed from November 1997 to January 2001 to obtain new values of the average SEP composition of rare species, P, Cl, K, Ti, Mn, Cr, Co, Cu, and Zn, which have had limited statistical accuracy in SEPs in the past. The measured SEP abundances are compared with other sources of solar-system composition data

The Solar Energetic Particle Event of 6 May 1998

The abundances of elements from helium to iron have been measured in more than a dozen moderate to large solar energetic particle (SEP) events using the Solar Isotope Spectrometer (SIS) on-board the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE). Time variations within some of these events and from event to event have been reported previously. This paper presents an analysis of the event of 6 May 1998, for which relatively time-independent abundance ratios are found. This event has been considered to be an example of an impulsive event, a gradual event, and as a hybrid of the two. Difficulties with classifying this event are discussed