In-situ Schliessungsexperiment Abschlussbericht

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: DtF QN1(94,60) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung, Berlin (Germany)DEGerman

Analysis of black carbon and carbon monoxide observed over the Indian Ocean: Implications for emissions and photochemistry

[1] Air from South Asia carries heavy loadings of organic and light-absorbing aerosol but low concentrations of ozone. We investigate ambient pollutant concentrations measured during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX), and we estimate emissions to determine the origin, magnitude, and impacts of air pollution from South Asia and to understand better the uncertainty in emission inventories. In India, the preponderance of motorcycles with small, two-stroke engines and the practice of adulterating gasoline with kerosene lead to high CO emission factors; for 1999, we estimate release of 15 Tg yr(-1) from fossil fuel use and 40 Tg yr(-1) from biomass burning. With the addition of isoprene oxidation, the total CO emissions were 67 Tg yr(-1) from India and 87 Tg( CO) yr(-1) from all of South Asia. These values indicate a somewhat larger contribution from fossil fuels but slightly lower overall emissions when compared to prior emission inventories. Two- stroke engines also exhibit high emission factors for volatile organic compounds (VOC) and particulate organic matter but produce only modest amounts of NOx. Near sources in India, VOC to NOx ratios appear too high for efficient O-3 formation, although other factors probably contribute to observed low O-3 mixing ratios. An inventory based on source characteristics and known emission factors for black carbon (BC) from South Asia yields 0.7 Tg yr(-1) (upper limit of about 1.0 Tg yr(-1)) with biomass burning as the dominant source. We can test this inventory with measurements of ambient CO and BC-ship, island, and aircraft observations of air from South Asia all show a positive correlation between CO and BC (r(2) = 0.71-0.81). Such strong correlations have also been observed over North America and Europe, but with a lower BC/CO slope. Ambient concentrations indicate high BC emission from South Asia: 2-3 Tg(BC) yr(-1). This disagreement with emission inventories demonstrates the need for direct measurements from sources in India

Clinical proteomics: A need to define the field and to begin to set adequate standards

The aim of this manuscript is to initiate a constructive discussion about the definition of clinical proteomics, study requirements, pitfalls and (potential) use. Furthermore, we hope to stimulate proposals for the optimal use of future opportunities and seek unification of the approaches in clinical proteomic studies. We have outlined our collective views about the basic principles that should be considered in clinical proteomic studies, including sample selection, choice of technology and appropriate quality control, and the need for collaborative interdisciplinary efforts involving clinicians and scientists. Furthermore, we propose guidelines for the critical aspects that should be included in published reports. Our hope is that, as a result of stimulating discussion, a consensus will be reached amongst the scientific community leading to guidelines for the studies, similar to those already published for mass spectrometric sequencing data. We contend that clinical proteomics is not just a collection of studies dealing with analysis of clinical samples. Rather, the essence of clinical proteomics should be to address clinically relevant questions and to improve the state-of-the-art, both in diagnosis and in therapy of diseases. © 2007 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim