Les politiques d'intégration de l'agriculture artisanale au mode de production capitaliste

[eng] In this article on the mean-term evolution likely for French farming, the writers attempt to put forward some arguments in favour of a point of view mid-way between the two usually held - that of the need to maintain an out- of-date form of farming and that of the development of agricultural capitalism. They advocate, in the general farming-food-industries framework, the development of an original social structure which integrates modern small- scale farming structures and cooperative structures in the food industries sector where capitalist production methods are dominant. They attempt to show that this original solution can be lasting and is desired by the dominant forces in the economy as a whole, for it fulfills basic needs. They devefop this theme and, first of all, examine the way this integration is achieved spontaneously by capitalist integration and the cooperative movement. They then try to show that, from this point of view, state policy appears to be sufficiently coherent to foster a form of integration and a social development specific to the farming-food-industries sector. [fre] Dans cet article sur l'évolution qui se dessine à moyen terme pour l'agriculture française, les auteurs cherchent à donner quelques arguments en faveur d'une thèse intermédiaire aux deux couramment soutenues : celle du maintien d'une agriculture trop archaïque et celle du développement du capitalisme agraire. Ils défendent, dans le cadre de l'ensemble agro-alimentaire, le développement d'une formation sociale originale qui intègre au pôle alimentaire, où le mode de production capitaliste domine, des structures agricoles artisanales modernes et des structures coopératives. Ils cherchent à montrer comment cette solution originale est durable et voulue par le mode dominant dans l'ensemble de l'économie car elle est celle qui sert le mieux ses intérêts fondamentaux. Ils développent ces thèmes en étudiant tout d'abord comment cette intégration se réalise directement par la quasi-intégration capitaliste et l'utilisation ou la récupération du mouvement coopératif ; puis ils tendent à établir comment, dans cette optique, la politique de l'Etat apparaît comme assez cohérente pour favoriser l'intégration et le développement de la formation sociale propre à la sphère agro-alimentaire.

Intensification with pegylated interferon during treatment with tenofovir in HIV-hepatitis B virus co-infected patients

International audienceIn hepatitis B “e” antigen (HBeAg) positive patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) mono-infection, intensification of nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment with pegylated interferon (PegIFN) could help induce higher HBeAg seroclearance rates. Our aim was to determine the long-term effect of adding PegIFN to tenofovir (TDF)-containing antiretroviral therapy on seroclearance in HBeAg-positive patients co-infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HBV. In this prospective matched cohort study, 46 patients with 1-year PegIFN intensification during TDF-containing antiretroviral therapy (TDF+PegIFN) were matched 1:1 to controls undergoing TDF without PegIFN (TDF) using a time-dependent propensity score based on age, CD4+ count and liver cirrhosis status. Kinetics of HBeAg quantification (qHBeAg) and hepatitis B surface antigen quantification (qHBsAg) were estimated using mixed-effect linear regression and time to HBeAg seroclearance or HBsAg seroclearance was modelled using proportional hazards regression. At baseline, previous TDF exposure was a median 39.8 months (IQR=21.4–59.4) and median qHBeAg and qHBsAg levels were 6.9 PEIU/mL and 3.72 log10IU/mL, respectively (P>.5 between groups). Median follow-up was 33.4 months (IQR=19.0–36.3). During intensification, faster average declines of qHBeAg (−0.066 vs −0.027 PEIU/mL/month, P=.001) and qHBsAg (−0.049 vs −0.026 log10IU/mL/month, P=.09) were observed in patients undergoing TDF+PegIFN vs TDF, respectively. After intensification, qHBeAg and qHBsAg decline was no different between groups (P=.7 and P=.9, respectively). Overall, no differences were observed in HBeAg seroclearance (TDF+PegIFN=13.2 vs TDF=12.6/100 person·years, P=.5) or HBsAg seroclearance rates (TDF+PegIFN=1.8 vs TDF=1.3/100 person·years, P=.7). In conclusion, PegIFN intensification in HBeAg-positive co-infected patients did not lead to increased rates of HBeAg or HBsAg clearance, despite faster declines of antigen levels while on PegIFN

Recent evidence of underestimated circulation of hepatitis C virus intergenotypic recombinant strain RF2k/1b in the Rhône-Alpes region, France, January to August 2014: implications for antiviral treatment.

International audienceSince the beginning of 2014, hepatitis C virus (HCV) recombinant forms RF2k/1b have been detected in the Rhône-Alpes French region in 10 patients originating from the Caucasus area. Circulation of this particular HCV strain is very likely to be underestimated. It is also prone to be misgenotyped when using genotyping methods based on the 5' region of the viral genome, which may lead to suboptimal treatment