Observation of Terahertz Radiation via the Two-Color Laser Scheme with Uncommon Frequency Ratios

In the widely-studied two-color laser scheme for terahertz (THz) radiation from a gas, the frequency ratio of the two lasers is usually fixed at $\omega_2/\omega_1=$1:2. We investigate THz generation with uncommon frequency ratios. Our experiments show, for the first time, efficient THz generation with new ratios of $\omega_2/\omega_1=$1:4 and 2:3. We observe that the THz polarization can be adjusted by rotating the longer-wavelength laser polarization and the polarization adjustment becomes inefficient by rotating the other laser polarization; the THz energy shows similar scaling laws with different frequency ratios. These observations are inconsistent with multi-wave mixing theory, but support the gas-ionization model. This study pushes the development of the two-color scheme and provides a new dimension to explore the long-standing problem of the THz generation mechanism.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure

A Conservative Discontinuous Galerkin Scheme With O(N-2) Operations In Computing Boltzmann Collision Weight Matrix

In the present work, we propose a deterministic numerical solver for the homogeneous Boltzmann equation based on Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods. The weak form of the collision operator is approximated by a quadratic form in linear algebra setting. We employ the property of >shifting symmetry> in the weight matrix to reduce the computing complexity from theoretical O(N-3) down to O(N-2), with N the total number of freedom for d-dimensional velocity space. In addition, the sparsity is also explored to further reduce the storage complexity. To apply lower order polynomials and resolve loss of conserved quantities, we invoke the conservation routine at every time step to enforce the conservation of desired moments (mass, momentum and/or energy), with only linear complexity. Due to the locality of the DG schemes, the whole computing process is well parallelized using hybrid OpetiMP and MPI. The current work only considers integrable angular cross-sections under elastic and/or inelastic interaction laws. Numerical results on 2-D and 3-D problems are shown.Mathematic

Cosmic age, Statefinder and OmOm diagnostics in the decaying vacuum cosmology

As an extension of $\Lambda$CDM, the decaying vacuum model (DV) describes the dark energy as a varying vacuum whose energy density decays linearly with the Hubble parameter in the late-times, $\rho_\Lambda(t) \propto H(t)$, and produces the matter component. We examine the high-$z$ cosmic age problem in the DV model, and compare it with $\Lambda$CDM and the Yang-Mills condensate (YMC) dark energy model. Without employing a dynamical scalar field for dark energy, these three models share a similar behavior of late-time evolution. It is found that the DV model, like YMC, can accommodate the high-$z$ quasar APM 08279+5255, thus greatly alleviates the high-$z$ cosmic age problem. We also calculate the Statefinder $(r,s)$ and the {\it Om} diagnostics in the model. It is found that the evolutionary trajectories of $r(z)$ and $s(z)$ in the DV model are similar to those in the kinessence model, but are distinguished from those in $\Lambda$CDM and YMC. The ${\it Om}(z)$ in DV has a negative slope and its height depends on the matter fraction, while YMC has a rather flat ${\it Om}(z)$, whose magnitude depends sensitively on the coupling.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, with some correction

A finite-strain hyperviscoplastic model and undrained triaxial tests of peat

This paper presents a finite-strain hyperviscoplastic constitutive model within a thermodynamically consistent framework for peat which was categorised as a material with both rate-dependent and thermodynamic equilibrium hysteresis based on the data reported in the literature. The model was implemented numerically using implicit time integration and verified against analytical solutions under simplified conditions. Experimental studies on the undrained relaxation and loading-unloading-reloading behaviour of an undisturbed fibrous peat were carried out to define the thermodynamic equilibrium state during deviatoric loading as a prerequisite for further modelling, to fit particularly those model parameters related to solid matrix properties, and to validate the proposed model under undrained conditions. This validation performed by comparison to experimental results showed that the hyperviscoplastic model could simulate undrained triaxial compression tests carried out at five different strain rates with loading/unloading relaxation steps.Comment: 30 pages, 16 figures, 4 tables. This is a pre-peer reviewed version of manuscript submitted to the International Journal of Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanic