Does Opportunistic Fraud in Automobile theft Insurance Fluctuate with the Business Cycle ?

We analyze the empirical relationship between opportunistic fraud and business cycle. We find that residual opportunistic fraud exists both in the contract with replacement cost endorsement and the contract with no-deductible endorsement in the Taiwan automobile theft insurance market. These results are consistent with previous literature on the relationship between fraud activity and insurance contracting. We also show that the severity of opportunistic fraud fluctuates in the opposite direction to the business cycle. Opportunistic fraud is stimulated during periods of recession and mitigated during periods of expansion.Opportunistic fraud, replacement cost endorsement, no-deductible endorsement, automobile theft insurance, business cycle

Preschool Experience vs. No Preschool Experience: Long Term Effects on Academic and Social Readiness of Children

Despite federal and state investments in early education intervention programs,achievement gaps continue to afflict the education system with children from low-income families having an increased need for high quality preschool education. When children from underprivileged families move through the education system, the chances of academic success becomes difficult as the education gap increases year after year, and they fall farther behind. By the time these students enter high school, they are behind academically and unable to meet grade level requirements. Many of them to give up and quit attending school, leading to an increase in the dropout rate. Research indicates that if high quality interventions are made during the preschool years, disadvantaged students are provided with benefits in language, literacy, social and academic skills. These skills, provided in the preschool years carry through into adolescence. The outcome for students is a successful educational experience, increasing high school graduation rates, and ultimately decreasing the dropout out rate in the community. Families who cannot afford to pay for preschool have children entering kindergarten with privileged children who are already familiar with class structure, daily routines, socializing with peers, and who have experienced an introduction to academics. Children of low-income families have not had the chance to practice or participate in any of these experiences, and yet they are entering a program where the social and academic expectations are the same for both groups of students. The purpose of this study is to analyze the benefits and the advantages of providing public preschool to families, who otherwise could not afford it. The long-term negative effects on children who did not have the opportunity to attend preschool are also described

Alien Registration- Dionne, Bertha C. (Lewiston, Androscoggin County)

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A Position Paper on Preschool Experience vs. No Preschool Experience: Long Term Effects on Academic and Social Readiness of Children

Despite federal and state investments in early education intervention programs, achievement gaps continue to afflict the education system with children from low-income families having a greater need of a high quality preschool education. When children from poor families move through the education system starting off behind, the chances of academic success becomes increasingly difficult, as the education gap increases year after year and they fall farther behind. By the time these students enter high school, they are so far behind they are unable to catch up and meet the grade level requirements, causing many of them to give up and quit attending school, leading to an increase in the dropout rate. Research shows if high quality interventions are made during the preschool years, the gap will be minimized and disadvantaged students will be provided with lasting benefits in language, literacy, social and academic skills. These skills that they are provided with early on carry through into adolescence, leading to a more successful educational experience allowing for more students to graduate with a high school diploma, and ultimately decreasing the dropout out rate in the community. The importance of preschool in building social skills and school readiness by offering public preschool to low-income families, not only benefits the individual child and the families who attend, but it also benefits the local communities and ultimately our society as a whole. Families who cannot afford to pay for preschool have children entering kindergarten with privileged children who are already familiar with class structure, daily routines, socializing with peers, and who have experienced an introduction to academics. Children of low-income families have not had the chance to practice or participate in any of these experiences, and yet they are entering a program where the social and academic expectations are the same for both groups of students. The purpose of this study is to analyze the benefits and the advantages of providing public preschool to families. It will also discuss the long-term negative effects on children who did not have the opportunity to attend preschool, and focus on the ways in which this missed opportunity has presented negative effects on home communities

Nonlinear Competition Between Small and Large Hexagonal Patterns

Recent experiments by Kudrolli, Pier and Gollub on surface waves, parametrically excited by two-frequency forcing, show a transition from a small hexagonal standing wave pattern to a triangular ``superlattice'' pattern. We show that generically the hexagons and the superlattice wave patterns bifurcate simultaneously from the flat surface state as the forcing amplitude is increased, and that the experimentally-observed transition can be described by considering a low-dimensional bifurcation problem. A number of predictions come out of this general analysis.Comment: 4 pages, RevTex, revised, to appear in Phys. Rev. Let

Vortex Fluctuations in the Critical Casimir Effect of Superfluid and Superconducting Films

Vortex-loop renormalization techniques are used to calculate the magnitude of the critical Casimir forces in superfluid films. The force is found to become appreciable when size of the thermal vortex loops is comparable to the film thickness, and the results for T < Tc are found to match very well with perturbative renormalization theories that have only been carried out for T > Tc. When applied to a high-Tc superconducting film connected to a bulk sample, the Casimir force causes a voltage difference to appear between the film and bulk, and estimates show that this may be readily measurable.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, Revtex 4, typo correctio

Two-frequency forced Faraday waves: Weakly damped modes and pattern selection

Recent experiments (Kudrolli, Pier and Gollub, 1998) on two-frequency parametrically excited surface waves exhibit an intriguing "superlattice" wave pattern near a codimension-two bifurcation point where both subharmonic and harmonic waves onset simultaneously, but with different spatial wavenumbers. The superlattice pattern is synchronous with the forcing, spatially periodic on a large hexagonal lattice, and exhibits small-scale triangular structure. Similar patterns have been shown to exist as primary solution branches of a generic 12-dimensional $D_6\dot{+}T^2$-equivariant bifurcation problem, and may be stable if the nonlinear coefficients of the bifurcation problem satisfy certain inequalities (Silber and Proctor, 1998). Here we use the spatial and temporal symmetries of the problem to argue that weakly damped harmonic waves may be critical to understanding the stabilization of this pattern in the Faraday system. We illustrate this mechanism by considering the equations developed by Zhang and Vinals (1997, J. Fluid Mech. 336) for small amplitude, weakly damped surface waves on a semi-infinite fluid layer. We compute the relevant nonlinear coefficients in the bifurcation equations describing the onset of patterns for excitation frequency ratios of 2/3 and 6/7. For the 2/3 case, we show that there is a fundamental difference in the pattern selection problems for subharmonic and harmonic instabilities near the codimension-two point. Also, we find that the 6/7 case is significantly different from the 2/3 case due to the presence of additional weakly damped harmonic modes. These additional harmonic modes can result in a stabilization of the superpatterns.Comment: 26 pages, 8 figures; minor text revisions, corrected figure 8; this version to appear in a special issue of Physica D in memory of John David Crawfor

Does insurance fraud in automobile theft insurance fluctuate with the business cycle?

[[abstract]]Financial institutions face various cyclical risks, but very few studies have analyzed the cyclicality of operational risk. External fraud is an important operational risk faced by insurers. In this research, we analyze the empirical relationship between insurance fraud and business cycle and we concentrate our study on two insurance contracts that may create an incentive to defraud. We find that residual insurance fraud exists both in the contract with replacement cost endorsement and the contract with no-deductible endorsement in the Taiwan automobile theft insurance market. These results are consistent with previous literature on the relationship between fraud activity and non-optimal insurance contracting. We also show that the severity of insurance fraud is countercyclical. Fraud is stimulated during periods of recession and mitigated during periods of expansion. Although this last result seems intuitive, our contribution is the first to measure its significance.[[notice]]補正完畢[[incitationindex]]SSCI[[booktype]]紙本[[booktype]]電子