34,937 research outputs found

    Linkage Between Poverty and Smoking in Philadelphia and Its Impact on Future Directions for Tobacco Control in the City.

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    Poverty is linked to negative health consequences and harmful health behaviors such as smoking. Despite this established correlation, few comparative studies have investigated the relationship between local poverty rates and smoking in urban settings through a Social Ecological Model framework. The authors sought to examine the linkage between local poverty rates in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and adult smoking rates by scrutinizing existing patterns and potential mediating factors via publicly accessible data in established planning districts. The authors determined several individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and environmental factors, varying across these districts, that impact smoking in Philadelphia. Poverty rates influence the resources, demographic makeup, and number of tobacco retailers a district has, which have downstream effects. The authors recommend that further investment is allocated to planning districts in order to mitigate the risk of smoking

    Demonstration of Sex Pheromones in \u3ci\u3eMolanna Uniophila\u3c/i\u3e (Trichoptera: Molannidae), \u3ci\u3ePlatycentropus Radiatus, Pycnopsyche Indiana, and P. Subfasciata\u3c/i\u3e (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae), With an Assessment of Interspecific Attraction Between Four Sympatric \u3ci\u3ePycnopsyche\u3c/i\u3e Species

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    Evidence for sex pheromones in the caddisflies Molanna uniophila Vorhies, Platycentropus radiatus (Say), Pycnopsyche indiana (Ross), and P. subfasciata (Say) is presented here for the first time based on field studies conducted in southern Michigan. For all species, numbers of males caught in pheromone traps baited with conspecific female extracts were higher than those caught in traps with male extracts, or those without extract. Four sympatric species of Pycnopsyche: P. guttifer (Walker), P. indiana, P. lepida (Hagen), and P. subfasciata exhibited no interspecific pheromonal attraction despite a common mating season and, in the case of P. indiana and P. lepida, very similar genitalic morphology. Our results suggest the importance of pheromones in maintaining reproductive isolation between closely related species. Likewise, pheromone biology can help delineate morphologically cryptic species
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