Muon capture for the front end of a muon collider

We discuss the design of the muon capture front end for a \mu+-\mu- Collider. In the front end, a proton bunch on a target creates secondary pions that drift into a capture transport channel, decaying into muons. A sequence of rf cavities forms the resulting muon beams into strings of bunches of differing energies, aligns the bunches to (nearly) equal central energies, and initiates ionization cooling. The muons are then cooled and accelerated to high energy into a storage ring for high-energy high luminosity collisions. Our initial design is based on the somewhat similar front end of the International Design Study (IDS) neutrino factory.Comment: 3 pp. Particle Accelerator, 24th Conference (PAC'11) 28 Mar - 1 Apr 2011: New York, US

Economic crisis in the European periphery: An Assessment of EMU Membership and home Policy Effects Based on the Greek Experience

Our objective in this paper is threefold. First, to identify the major common shocks that hit these countries upon entry into the EMU. Second, taking Greece as our case study, to construct a simple macroeconomic model of the policies Greek governments pursued in the presence of these shocks, and to employ its solution so as to highlight the outcomes that were expected to result. From this endeavor, we find that the policies which were put in place led unavoidably to a severe economic crisis and eventual bankruptcy. Finally, in view of these findings and what happened in 2009,we raise and attempt to answer questions like, for example: How can we explain the policies that were adopted in the advent of monetary union shocks? Could they have been anticipated? And if so, why did they escape the attention of the designers of the Maastricht Treaty? The answer to which we are led by the analysis is that the shocks in all these countries were perceived by their governments as opportunities to hold on to their entrenched positions. That this happened, we conclude, reflects a failure in the mechanisms of economic convergence that were embedded in the Maastricht Treaty as well as in the effectiveness of European Union (EU) institutions that were empowered with their enforcement

Economic crisis in the European periphery: An Assessment of EMU Membership and home Policy Effects Based on the Greek Experience

Our objective in this paper is threefold. First, to identify the major common shocks that hit these countries upon entry into the EMU. Second, taking Greece as our case study, to construct a simple macroeconomic model of the policies Greek governments pursued in the presence of these shocks, and to employ its solution so as to highlight the outcomes that were expected to result. From this endeavor, we find that the policies which were put in place led unavoidably to a severe economic crisis and eventual bankruptcy. Finally, in view of these findings and what happened in 2009,we raise and attempt to answer questions like, for example: How can we explain the policies that were adopted in the advent of monetary union shocks? Could they have been anticipated? And if so, why did they escape the attention of the designers of the Maastricht Treaty? The answer to which we are led by the analysis is that the shocks in all these countries were perceived by their governments as opportunities to hold on to their entrenched positions. That this happened, we conclude, reflects a failure in the mechanisms of economic convergence that were embedded in the Maastricht Treaty as well as in the effectiveness of European Union (EU) institutions that were empowered with their enforcement

The Elephant (Head) in the Room: A Critical Look at Trophy Hunting

Trophy hunting has occupied a prominent position in recent scholarly literature and popular media. In the scientific conservation literature, researchers are generally supportive of or sympathetic to its usage as a source of monetary support for conservation. Although authors at times acknowledge that trophy hunting faces strong opposition from many members of the public, often for unspecified reasons associated with ethics, neither the nature nor the implications of these ethical concerns have been substantively addressed. We identify the central act of wildlife “trophy” taking as a potential source of ethical discomfort and public opposition. We highlight that trophy hunting entails a hunter paying a fee to kill an animal and claim its body or body parts as a trophy of conquest. Situating this practice in a Western cultural narrative of chauvinism, colonialism, and anthropocentrism, we argue trophy hunting is morally inappropriate. We suggest alternative strategies for conservation and community development should be explored and decisively ruled out as viable sources of support before the conservation community endorses trophy hunting. If wildlife conservation is broadly and inescapably dependent on the institution of trophy hunting, conservationists should accept the practice only with a due appreciation of tragedy, and proper remorse

When all life counts in conservation

© 2019 Society for Conservation Biology Conservation science involves the collection and analysis of data. These scientific practices emerge from values that shape who and what is counted. Currently, conservation data are filtered through a value system that considers native life the only appropriate subject of conservation concern. We examined how trends in species richness, distribution, and threats change when all wildlife count by adding so-called non-native and feral populations to the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List and local species richness assessments. We focused on vertebrate populations with founding members taken into and out of Australia by humans (i.e., migrants). We identified 87 immigrant and 47 emigrant vertebrate species. Formal conservation accounts underestimated global ranges by an average of 30% for immigrants and 7% for emigrants; immigrations surpassed extinctions in Australia by 52 species; migrants were disproportionately threatened (33% of immigrants and 29% of emigrants were threatened or decreasing in their native ranges); and incorporating migrant populations into risk assessments reduced global threat statuses for 15 of 18 species. Australian policies defined most immigrants as pests (76%), and conservation was the most commonly stated motivation for targeting these species in killing programs (37% of immigrants). Inclusive biodiversity data open space for dialogue on the ethical and empirical assumptions underlying conservation science

Design Concept for nu-STORM: An Initial Very Low-Energy Neutrino Factory

We present a design concept for a {nu} source from a STORage ring for Muons ({nu}STORM). In this initial design a high-intensity proton beam produces {approx}5 GeV pions that provide muons that are captured using 'stochastic injection' within a 3.6 GeV racetrack storage ring. In 'stochastic injection', the {approx}5 GeV pion beam is transported from the target into the storage ring, dispersion-matched into a long straight section. (Circulating and injection orbits are separated by momentum.) Decays within that straight section provide muons that are within the {approx}3.6 GeV/c ring momentum acceptance and are stored for the muon lifetime of {approx}1000 turns. Muon (and pion) decays in the long straight sections provide neutrino beams of precisely known flux and flavor that can be used for precision measurements of electron and muon neutrino interactions, and neutrino oscillations or disappearance at L/E = {approx}1m/MeV. The facility is described, and variations are discussed

CONSIDERATIONS ON ODR BEAM-SIZE MONITORING FOR GAMMA = 1000 BEAMS*

Abstract We discuss the feasibility of monitoring the beam size of γ=1000 beams with 3000 times more charge in a video frame time and with a more sensitive 12-to 16-bit camera than were used in the previous electron beam studies at 7 GeV at the Advanced Photon Source. Such a beam would be generated at Fermilab in a new facility in the coming years. Numerical integrations of our base model show beam size sensitivity for ± 20% level changes at 200-and 400-µm base beam sizes. We also evaluated impact parameters of 5 σ y and 12 σ y for both 800-nm and 10-µm observation wavelengths. The latter examples are related to a proposal to apply the technique to an ~ 0.98 TeV proton beam, and this study shows there are trades on photon intensity and beam size sensitivity to be considered at such gammas. In addition, we report on first results at γ=1800 on a superconducting rf linac

Evaluating additive manufacturing for the production of custom head supports: A comparison against a commercial head support under static loading conditions

The provision of wheelchair seating accessories, such as head supports, is often limited to the use of commercial products. Additive manufacturing has the potential to produce custom seating components, but there are very few examples of published work. This article reports a method of utilising 3D scanning, computer-aided design and additive manufacturing for the fabrication of a custom head support for a wheelchair. Three custom head supports, of the same shape, were manufactured in nylon using a continuous filament fabrication machine. The custom head supports were tested against an equivalent and widely used commercial head support using ISO 16840-3:2014. The head supports were statically loaded in two configurations, one modelling a posterior force on the inner rear surface and the other modelling a lateral force on the side. The posterior force resulted in failure of the supporting bracketry before the custom head support. A similar magnitude of forces was applied laterally for the custom and commercial head support. When the load was removed, the custom recovered to its original shape while the commercial sustained plastic deformation. The addition of a joint in the head support increased the maximum displacement, 128.6 mm compared to 71.7 mm, and the use of carbon fibre resulted in the head support sustaining a higher force at larger displacements, increase in 30 N. Based on the deformation and recovery characteristics, the results indicate that additive manufacturing could be an appropriate method to produce lighter weight, highly customised, cost-effective and safe head supports for wheelchair users

A Complete Scheme of Ionization Cooling for a Muon Collider

The conclusions of this report are: (1) New 1.5 TeV Collider lattice has more conservative IP parameters--(a) Luminosity 1 x 10{sup 34} achieved with bunch rep rate {approx}12 Hz but requires depth {approx}135 (m) to limit neutrino radiation, (b) Collider ring must be deep (eg 135 m of ILC) to control neutrino radiation, and (c) Proton driver ({approx}4 MW) is challenging; (2) Complete cooling scheme achieves required muon parameters--All components simulated (at some level) with realistic parameters, but much work remains; (3) Possible problem with rf breakdown in specified magnetic fields--Solutions with gas in cavities appear to work, and designs with open cell rf are promising; and (4) Lower cost acceleration possible using pulsed magnets in synchrotrons--Rings fit in Tevatron tunnel, and second ring uses hybrid of fixed and pulsed magnets